Allesandro Farnese~ (1545-1592)
~born in Rome
~broughtup in the court of PhillipII of Spain
~helped to put down the Netherland?s uprisings, and prevent the English aid toNetherland rebels
~was an ally of the Catholic league that fought against Henry IV of France

Elizabeth I~ (1533-1603)
~daughter of Henry VIII of England
~imprisoned by her sister, Mary
~made peace with France and Scotland
~killed her sister and approved anti- Catholic laws
~defeated the Spanish Armada
~ushered in an age of intellect in England

Mary Queen of Scots~ (1542-1587)
~-inherited Scottish throneshortly after birth
~grew up in France
~resented when she returned to Scotland for being Catholic
~fled to England, where her cousin Elizabeth I imprisoned her for eighteen years andthen executed her

Jacques Cartier~(1491-1557)
~French explorer
~discovered the St. Lawrence River in North America
~claimed Canada for France
~established Montreal

Bartholemew de las Casas~ (1474-1566)
~Spanish missionary
~opposed the cruel treatment of the Native Americans
~eventually got a law passed abolishing the use of the Natives as slaves

Sir Francis Drake~ (1540-1596)
~first Englishman to see thePacific Ocean
~praised in England for his piracy
~helped put down the rebellion in Ireland
~first Englishman to circumnavigate the world
~served in Parliament

Balboa~(1475-1519)
~considered the first Conquistador
~discovered the Pacific Ocean
~used diplomacy with the Natives, not force
~beheaded when the new governor didn?t like him
~Portugal's monetary unit named after him



Albuquerque~(1453-1515)

~Portugese navigator

~appointed viceroy to all Portuguese lands in Asia
~gained territory in India, Sri Lanka, and the Suda Islands for Portugal



Francis I (r. 1515-1547)~
- Reached agreement w/Pope Leo X in 1516 called Concordat ofBologna (approved Pope's right to receive the first year's pay of new bishopsand abbots, ruler's right to select French bishops and abbots)
- Argued with Charles V for domination of divided Italy-1525suffered severe defeat and was captured
- Commissioned Pierre Lescot to rebuild Louvre, brought "MonaLisa" and Leonardo himself to France
- During Habsburg-Valois Wars, he sold public offices to raise $


Louis XI (r. 1461-1483)~
- Saw $ as the answer to unification problems in France.
- Economic activities and severe taxation = improved army (stoppedaristocratic robbery and started urban independence)
- Credited with laying foundations for French royal absolutism


Henry II (r. 1547-1559)~
- Imported Italian Renaissance to France, along w/his father(Francis I)
- Governed through small, efficient council
- When he died in 1559 there were 40 well-organized Calvinistchurches (1/10 of France's population was Calvinist)


Charles IX (r. 1560-1574)~
- Succeeded throne at age 10
- Mother- Catherine de' Medici controlled everything for him
- Had tuberculosis

Catherine De Medici- The mother of Charles IX. The wife of King Henry II.She was easily persuaded because she wanted desperately to maintain herinfluence.

Henry of Navarre- A participant in France's War of the threeHenry's. He won the war after the assassination of the leaders of the otherparties. Ruled as King Henry IV. Henry was a Protestant. He tried to rebuiltFrance.

Henry of Guise- Part of the large French Guise family. Aparticipant in France's War of the three Henry's. A devout Catholic. Hecontrolled the "Holy League." He was assassinated by the end of thewar.

Henry III- The ruler of France during the War of the ThreeHenry's. He succeeded Charles IX who has tuberculous. He was assassinated bythe end of the war.

HenryIV~ (1553-1610)
~aka, Henry of Navarre
~leaderof the Huguenots in the wars against the Catholics
~St.Bartholomew?s Day massacre occurred on his wedding day
~declared?Paris is well worth the mass? and converted to Catholicism
~issuedthe Edict of Nantes in 1598 declaring freedom of religion
Philip II~ (1527-1598)
~son of Charles V
~became ruler of Spain andthe Netherlands after his father abdicated
~forced France to accept theCateau Cambrisis
~encouraged the inquisition
~sentSpanish Armada to England; it was defeated by Elizabeth I?s British navy
Margaret ~ married to Henry IV;couldn?t produce an heir; marriage annulled
William of Orange~(1650-1702)

~stadholder of theNetherlands from 172-1702
~waged many wars against LouisXIV
~ruled jointly w/ his wife Mary
~invited to rule England afterJames II didn?t work out
~ William of ?the William andMary?


FerdinandI - Holy Roman emperor (1558-1564), king of Bohemia (1526-1564),
and king of Germany (1531-1564). He was the son of Philip I and brother of
Charles V. Helped in the formation of the Peace of Augsburg.


Gustavus Adolphus - King of Sweden (1611-1632). Also known as the Lionof
the North for his role in the Thirty Years War. He helped Sweden rise to
power.


Bartholomew - One of the 12 apostles of Christ. He is also knownas
Nathanael. Saint Bartholomew's feast day is August 24 in the Roman Catholic
church and the Church of England, and June 11 in the Orthodox church. A
great Massacre was held on St. Bartholomew's Day.

KingManuel (r. 1495-1521)
Portuguese king dispatched thirteen ships under the command PedroAlvares Cabral, assisted by Diaz, to set up trading posts in India.

Queen Isabella of Spain
In 1469 she married Ferdinand. At the death (1474) of her half brotherHenry IV of Castile, the succession to Castile was contested between Isabellaand Juana la Beltraneja, who was supported by Alfonso V of Portugal. The civilwar ended with Isabella's victory in 1479, the year in which Ferdinand becameking of Aragn. Isabella and Ferdinand, known as the Catholic kings, ruledCastile and Aragn jointly.

Prince Henry The Navigator
1394-1460, prince of Portugal, patron of exploration. TheMoroccan campaign inspired Henry with a desire to extend his knowledge of Africa.In 1416 he established at Sagres in SW Portugal a base for explorations, lateradding a naval arsenal and an observatory and a school for the study ofgeography and navigation. He funded many explorers and can be credited with thegrowth of Portugal.

Vasco De Gama
c.1469-1524, Portuguese navigator, the first European to journeyby sea to India. *(extra stuff)

* His epochal voyage (1497-99) was made at the order of Manuel I. With fourvessels, he rounded the Cape of Good Hope, passed the easternmost point reachedby Bartolomeu Dias in 1488, continued up the east coast of Africa to Malindi,and sailed across the Indian Ocean to Calicut. This voyage opened up a way forEurope to reach the wealth of the Indies, and out of it grew the PortugueseEmpire. Immediately Portugal gained great riches from the spice trade. Gamadictated the instructions for Cabral's voyage (1500-1502) to India, and in 1502he himself led a fleet of 20 ships on his second India voyage

ChristopherColubus: Sailed under the porteugese flag to find a route to the
Idies. Discovered america instead

Magellan: Credited with sailing around the world, thoguh heenever made it
back alive.

Hernando Cortez: Conquered the Aztecs for the spanish

John Cabot:Found Newfoundland

Lasalle-takes DeSoto's idea and sails way up the Mississippe and claims land for King Louis XII. (This resulted in Louisiana.)
Coronado- Spanish, first to see Grand Canyon.
Henry Hudson- Sailed up to Hudson Bay with his men, it was frozen so men didnot want to go any further but Hudson insisted. Hudson'smen set Hudson and his son on a little boat and left them thereand that was the last time Hudson was seen.
Bjarni Herjolfson- his father went on a boat with Eric the Red(the theft and murderer) to find Ultimate Thule. (Bjarni'sfather went to start a buisness.) Bjarni went looking forhis father and passed by a neat place then found his father. He told his father about this place and later Eric the Red's son (LeifEricson) bought a boat and went looking for this place

Pizarro - Goes to the Tip of SouthAmerica (I think) to defeat the Incas
in 1532. Captures and kills the Inca king in front of all the indians.

Alvares - A Portuguese navigator who sailed to Brazil in1500 and
claimed it for Portugal.


Cabral~ Had 13 ships, sent to set up trading posts in
India, sighted coast of Brazil and claimed it for the
Crown of Portugal, rounded the Cape of Good Hope,
brought 6 of 13 ships back home full of spices from
India.

Ulloa~ He's not in the book, or in an encyclopedia,
and I couldn't find him anywhere else.....I guess I'll
keep looking and send it to you when I find something.

Joliet~ merchant,sailed down the Mississippi River and
claimed land on either side as far south as Arkansas

Marquette~ sailed with Joliet ^look up

King Harold: (860-940) He was the first person to rule the entirecountry of Norway. He was knownas "the fair-haired". He ruled with a strong hand and consolidated his realm. An acceleration of immigration began during his rule.

John Cabot: (1450-1499) He was an English navigatorand explorer who attempted to find a direct route to Asia. He reached the eastern coast ofGreenland. He sailed along thecoast of North America.

DE Soto: (1500-1542) He was a Spanish explorer andadventurer of the New World. He andhis 1,000 men reached the West coast of Florida in 1539. He died on the Mississippi River of a fever.

Vespucci: (1454-1572) Italian navigator who went onfour voyages to the New World. He explored a large section of land on the coast of South America. Hewas a skilledexplorer to explore South America.

Charles II: (reigned 1759-1788) Spanish king who introduced "intendants"system for the colonial administration. Royal officials had broad military,administrative, and financial authority within their intendancy. They reportedto the monarchy rather than the viceroy.
ElizabethHardwick:An English woman who married 4 times, each time to heradvantage. The marriages all brought her more and more propertyand wealth. She had business sense that was rare of a woman in any age. Shebuilt Chatsworth and Hardwick estates. She died one of the richest people inEngland in 1608 after establishing several aristocratic dynasties.
Pope Pius IV: Expelled all prostitutesfrom Rome in 1566. This caused many people to leave and the city suffered alarge loss of revenue. Within less than a month, Pope Pius IV revoked theorder.

Chief Justice Coke of England- Lawyer, judge, speaker of the House of
Commons, member of the Star Chamber, strong supporter of the
constitutionalist party of parliament, openly resented king Charles 1
power, took a most important role in drawing up the Petition of Right
Hans Baldung Grien - 1484-1545 Probably trained withDurer but used more
color and was more gruesome and distorted, religious works, allegories and
mythologies, portraits, designs for stained glass, tapestries, graphic
work, his masterpiece was the high altar for Freiburg Cathedral, eroticism
is often strongly present in his engravings
Michel de Montaigne - 1533-1592 Great french catholicphilosopher, "I have
never seen a greater monster or miracle than myself.", "...thereis a
plague on Man, the opinion that he knows something.", mused a lot of
skepticism to help explain man's existence
William Shakespeare - Possibly greatest playwright of alltime, wrote
hundreds of sonnets and love poems for his patrons, various plays including
the histories, the tragedies, and the comedies, performed at The Globe in
London during the reign of Elizabeth 1

PeterPaul Rubens - Most important Flemish Painter of the 17th century. His
art was a modified Baroque Art. Painted "The Judgement of Paris" and"The
Death of Achillis"
Johan Sebastion Bach - German organist and composer of thebaroque era, one
of the greatest and most productive geniuses in the history of Western
music.
Champlain - French Explorer known as "The Father of NewFrance." He created
a Trading post that eventually became the colony of Quebec.
COnquistadors - Cortez, Pizzaro, Correnado, Ponce De Leon, andAlvarado all
Conquistadors. Spanish COnquerors. Introduced Horses to the New World.

Hapsburg-Valios Wars- Francis of France was a candidatefor the throne of the Holy Roman Emporer, but the electors chose Charles ofHapsburg. This led to fighting between the two and finally the twomonarchs made peace and Francis married Charles's sister Elanor.
Concordat of Bologna- 1516. Was negotiated byFrancis I and Pope Leo X. Francis won for the French King and got theabitity to fill all archbishop and other benefices with people of hischoice.




Spanish-Hapsburg Successions-



Netherlands/United Provinces- The Netherlands was a great nationthat was coming together. Peace of Utrecht was the treaty thatsubsequently formed what would be the Netherlands.

European slavery and the slave trade - in Europe, slavery was notlike it was in the america's. Slaves were treated like servants of thehousehold. When the Turks cut off the flow of slaves from the Black Sea andBalkans Europe looked to Africa for its slaves. The Mediterranean used slaveson their sugar plantations and vineyard. Increase in demand for sugarled toslave increases to meet the demand. Then Bartholomew de las Casas recommendedthat slaves from africa be used instead of the indians. 757,000 blacks were inthe US at 1790. Racial attitudes towards blacks started here.
Elizabethanand Jacobean Literature - Shakespeare was the most important Elizabethan writer, Jacobeanliterature, (named for King James I) was mainly the authorized Bible, aka theKing James bible. Golden ages of English literature
Baroque -means odd shaped, imperfect pearl. The best baroque painter was PeterPaul Rubens, best composer JB Bach. Baroque was rich animated bombastic tenseand emotional art.
Johan Van Oldenbarnevelt - the second founder of the UnitedProvinces, he organized the Dutch East India Company, his greatestaccomplishment was the 12 years truce with Spain, he favored religioustolerance, he was beheaded for treason in 1

Spanish Armada-Invincible Armada," thisfleet was sent by Phillip II of Spain against England. Almost theentire fleet was destroyed.

Thirty years war (4 parts)-
Bohemian phase(1618-1625)- Fought byprinces within the Holy Roman Empire, characterized by civil warbetween the Catholic League and the Protestant Union.
Danish phase (1625-1629)- Attempt tounite Denmark under Protestantism.
Swedish phase (1630-1635)- GustavusAdolphus unites Sweden under
Protestantism
International Phase (1635-1648)- Alsoknown as the "French Phase," this was when France got involved in the waron the side of the Protestants.

Caravel- A small. Light, three-masted sailing ship. The caravelwas slower than the galley, but had more cargo space and was moremaneuverable.
Astrolabe- instrument used for measuring the positions of heavenly bodies.It consists of a circle or section of a circle, marked off in degrees, with amovable arm pivoted at the center of the circle. When the zero point on thecircle has been oriented with the horizon, the altitude or azimuth of anycelestial object can be measured by sighting along the arm.
Compass, instrument thatindicates direction, used by mariners, aviators, campers, hunters, and othertravelers to enable them to get from one place to another. Two fundamentaltypes of compass are used: the magnetic compass, which in a crude form was usedas early as the 10th century; and the gyrocompass, a device developed at thebeginning of the 20th century. In the magnetic compass, directions are obtainedby means of one or more magnetic needles pointing in the general direction of themagnetic North Pole under the influence of the magnetic field of the earth.
Mundus Novus- Latin word for New World
Intendant - an administrative official (as a governor) especiallyunder the French, Spanish, or Portuguese monarchies 619.?