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Boston Teaparty- Boston men disguised as Indians threw the Dutch East India Company's teainto the harbor. The DEIC had a monopoly on trade with tea. The coloniessuffered.
Coercive Acts- A series of extreme measures taken by the British government inresponse the Boston Tea party. It closed the port of Boston and stopped localmeetings.
First Continental Congress- A group of men that met in Philly to "rejectthe attempts of a wicked administration to enslave America." It met inSeptember 1774 and proposed a compromise to the Coercive Acts that Britainrejected.
Philly- It was the banking capitol of the colonies
before the American Revolution. the people of Philly
first supported the federalist Party which advocated a
strong federal government and organized the movement
to draft the U.S. constitution. But later they turned
against that party because most of them were farmers
relying on growing grain and making whiskey and the
federal goverment imopsed a tax on liquor which
angered them. the political pary of Philly later
became the Democratic Party, or jefferson's party
April 1775 - Themonth and year in which the historical "shot heard around the world"took place. This month also signifies the start of the revolutionary war.
Common Sense - Published by Thomas Paine and is his most famous work. Thedocument asserted that the American colonies received no advantage from GreatBritain and that every consideration of common sense called for the colonies tobecome independent and establish a republican government of their own. This wasa main cause for the american revolution.
Second Continental congress - Met on May 10, 1775.The members includedGeorge Washington, Thomas Jefferson, Benjamin Franklin, and John Adams. Theywere elected in part by colonial assemblies and in part by the provincialcongresses that had sprung up to replace those rebellious legislaturesdissolved by royal governors. The Second Continental Congress is alsoresponsible for apointing Washington to organize a continental army.
July 4, 1776
the second continental congress adopts the Declaration ofIndependence. More on that below
Declaration of Independence
Written by Thomas Jefferson, on the demand that a declaration wasneeded from the secomd continental congress. Describes the tyrannical acts byGeorge III and other reasons why they're breaking away. Then it was signed by awhole lot of dead famous guys
Loyalist
Loyalist tended to be wealthy and politically moderate, butwillingly allied themselves with farmers and artisans in a broad coalition.John Hancock and Washington are examples.
Patriots- during theAmerican Revolution the people who were loyal to
america were known as patriots.
League of armed neutrality- A league of armed nations to protectthe
shipping rights of various nations against England, who would not recognize
them. Catherine the Great helped organize.
Treaty of Paris- Treaty that ended the American Revolution
Allegheny Mountains andMississippi:
~in the Treaty of Paris of 1783, Britain recognized theindependence of the thirteen colonies and ceded all its territorybetween the Allegheny Mountains and the Mississippi to theAmericans.
Articles of confederation:
~1781, gave power to the states
~didnt work
Constitution
~(The American) exemplified the great strengths and the limits of"classical liberism" liberty was individual freedomsand political safeguard and representative goverment (notnecessarily democracy)
~ America's rule of goverment and later many other countries
New York-where the firstcongress met in march 1789, to pass the
first ten amendments to the constitution
"Classic Liberalism"-liberty meant individual freedons and political
safeguards, representative gov't but not neccessarily democracy; principle
of one person, one vote; the american constitution and bill of rights
exemplified the strenghts and limits of this
French revolution-1789-1791; more radical than american revo; truly the
revolution in modern european politics; liberal nobles and growing middle
class overwhelmed the monarchial absolutism-common pple, sans-culottes and
peasants; the Declaration of the Rights of Man and the French constitution
of 1791 was very similar to Am. Constitution and Bill of Rts.; France's new
political system reflected a social structure increasingly based on wealth
and acheivement rather than on tradition and legal privelages; p.696-704 in
text
Parliament of Paris~ A kind of supreme courtthat welcomed appeals from local administrators and from the courts of feudallords throughout France. It was Established by Louis IX. During the Revolution,the judges of the parliament declared the royal initiative null and void,specifying the 'fundamental laws', like tha national consent to taxation andfreedon from arbitrary arrests.
Versailles~ HUGEFrench Palace that started as a wee hunting lodge and aretreat from the queen by Louis XIII. His son, Louis XIV, had hisdesigners make it the 'magnificent splendor' it is today by adding the wings,and making it all spiffy with the ball rooms, courts, andhalls. It was seen as the of french genius, and was a model formany other countries's palaces.
Estates General~ Therepresentative body of the three estates in France. Approved and rejectedthe king's descisions during the revoulution, like whether to tax new lands ornot.
Tithe: this is one-tenth of apart of something paid as a voluntary contribution or as a tax, usually forreligious purposes. It is essentially a small tax or levy.
Bourgeoisie: This was the middle class, the class betweenthe the nobles and the peasants. This class was basically united by theeconomic position and class interest. The bourgeoisie eventually led thethird estate in a great social revolution.
1st : The first class mainly consisted of nobility. Alot of power was given to few people. They were in charge of mainlyeverything. They ruled over the peasants and taxed them as they liked.
2nd: The second class, or middle class was the called thebourgeoisie. The were the middle class workers and paid some taxes. They wanted as much power as the nobility had. They mainly had the smallbusinesses and groups.
3 d: The third class consisted of the peasants. Theywere harshly mistreated and wanted at least something from the nobility. They were taxed a lot, and were not paid well. They were very oppressedby the nobility and wanted their freedom. Finally they all rebelled, andstarted a revolution. They stopped at nothing to gain theirindependence. Over half the French population was the third estate.
THE OLD REGIME: The period oftime before the French Revolution; the old
order of France. People had inherited legal privaleges. The church did not
want the Enlightenment to occur- they were afraid of secularism. There was
urban labor and the lower middle classes had some freedoms. The peasants
were all very very poor.
WHAT IS THE 3rd ESTATE?: A pamphlet written in 1789 by Emmanuel Joseph
Sieyes. It argued that the strength of France was the neglected 3rd estate
and that the nobility was a "tiny, overprivileged minority".
NATIONAL ASSEMBLY: An assembly of notables who were not in favor of King
Louis XVI's proposal to impose more taxes on France. They were dismissed and
Parlement declared the royal initiative null and void. King Louis attempted
to exile the judges, then people in France became very upset. Louis
eventually admitted defeat and held a session of the Estates General.
Absolute monarchy was collapsing as constitutional monarchy was taking its
place.
Tennis court oath - After being locked out oftheir meeting house, the third estate began discussion on a nearby tenniscourt. They each took an oath stating that they shall not disband untilthere was a standing constitution in France.
Bread - The staple food of the poor. They ate as much of it as they could because it would expand in their stomachand make them feel full.
July 14 1789 - The first day of the frenchrevolution. Fighting broke out after King Louis sent troopsto quiet the third estate and tensions burst
Emile , was written by Rosseau. It issometimes called a "Declaration of Rights for Children". Emiliechallenged existing patterns for child rearing. It also outlined the best wayto educate human beings. Rosseau's goal was to produce an education thatmaximized human potential rather than restricted it. Both European and Americaneducational ideas were greatly influenced by this work; the American publicschool system, established in the first part of the nineteenth century, drewheavily from Rousseau's educational ideas.
Assignats paper currency issued during the French Revolution.To redeem the huge public debt and to counterbalance the growing deficit, therevolutionary constituent assembly issued (Dec., 1789) treasury notes, calledassignats, to the amount of 400 million livres at 5% interest.
Reflection on the Revolution in France- Written by Edmund Burke,published in 1790. One of the greatest intellectual defenses of Europeanconservatism. He defended inherited posistions such as those in the EnglishMonarchy and aristocracy.
Declarationof Pilnitz- The emperor and the king of Prussia formulated this document which announcedtheir intensions to restore the power of Louis XIV.
Jacobins- A political club formedduring the French Revolution. Formed by a society of friends for theconstitution. Their name was taken from a French monastery.
Marseillaise- A French sculpture created bythe famous sculptor Francois Rude. Also known as the Departure of theVolunteers. A very patriotic sculpture in Paris.
Tulieries -the location of the royal palace in France. Revolutionaries already on edgeheard rumors of treason by the king and queen. On August 10, 1792,a mob of commoners attacked Tulieres and captured it after heavyfighting.
September Massacres - Wild stories spread throughout Paris of imprisonedaristocrats and priests planning a counter revolution with allied invaders. Inresponse, angry crowds invaded prisons of Paris and slaughtered half themen and women they found.
National Convention - the fall of the monarchy led to a universal male vote fora new national convention. The new convention in september 1792 proclaimedFrance a republic. All members of the Convention were republicans, and almostall belonged to the Jacobin club of Paris. the control of the convention wascontested by two groups, the Girondists and the Mountain. The indecisivemembers of the convention were in the Plain, and went back and forth betweenthe two groups
Firstcoalition- An alliance between between Prussia and Austria to drive the
French out of the Austrian Netherlands.
Sans Coulottes- Radical group of France who wanted all traces of the old regime
- including the monarchy- to be obliterated
Girondins :A group of the Nation Covention that were very competitve wioth theMountain. They were Republican.
Mountain : Lead by Robespierre and Georges Danton, called the Mountain forseating in the uppermost left hand bleachers of the assembly hall.
Battleof Valmy: War against tyranny. Both Grondist and the Mountain wanted toend tyranny.
Committe of public safety
-had dictorial power to deal with any national emergencies in france
-led by Robespierre and the Mountain
-arrested Girundist leader
-had major part in reign of terror
Bread of Equality
-brown bread made of a mixture of all available flowers
-all bakers were allowed to make during reign of terror
Reign of Terror
-1793-1794
-Committe of public safety become tyrant like
-peeps against the revo were arrested andseverely punished
Thermidorian reaction
-Time after Robespierre is executed
-people went back to ways of the early revo
July 27,1794/ Thermidorreation
*On 9 thermidor or also known as july 27,1794 MaximilienRobesoierre gavea
speech at the National Convention or at least he tried to. The Jacques
especially didn't like him because he was too easy on the rich. The
following day Robespierre was killed on the guillotine by the jacques. The
collaspe of revolutionary fervor and the Reign of Terror in France.
Directory
* a five man exective that supported and expanded the French military.
Itlasted for four years nov.1795-nov.1799. Consists of 500 delegates of men
30 years of age or older who proposed legislation. It caused a wide-spread
of a war and starvation which upset a lot of people. The people of the
Directory feared being killed by the people so they turned into a dictating
goverment.
Nov. 9, 1799
* the directors were kicked out and Napoleon was named the first consulof
the republic. The Republican remained it was obvious though that Napolean
was the real ruler of France.
Treatyof Luneville-Treaty between France and Austria in 1801. It reaffirmed the Treaty ofCampoformio. WIth the Austrians defeated the British agreed to Peace in theTreaty of Amiens.
Treatyof Amiens- Thetreaty signed by France, Spain, the Batavian republic on one side and GreatBritain on the other in 1802.It ended the French revolutionary wars and set upthe Napoleonic Wars.
Battleof Trafalgar- Navalbattle fought off of the coast of Spain on Oct. 21, 1805. The Britishfleet defeated the allied French and Spanish fleets.This endedNapoleons power on the sea.
Emily Philips:
Austerlitz - in the "battle ofthe three emperors, Napoleon I won (Dec. 2, 1805) his most brilliant victory bydefeating the Russian and Austrian armies under Czar Alexander I and EmperorFrancis II.
Confederation of the Rhine,
league of German states formed by Emperor Napoleon I in 1806 after his defeatof the Austrians
Smolensk- the city wherenapoleon planned to stay the winter before
invading Russia. He chose to press on.
Battle of Borodino- a draw between Russia (alexander) and napoleon.
Alexander retreated. NApoleon retreated and his army was crushed by
Russian winter.
War of Liberation- called for by peasants against napoleon's
oppression.
Treaty of Chaumont
-a treaty that cemented an alliance between Austria,
Prussia, Russia and Great Britain against Napoleon and
his troops. This was the 4th coalition formed, wich
turned into the Quadruple Alliance, intended to last
for 20 years.
Quadruple alliance
-the alliance created between Austria, Pussia,
Russia, and Great Britain against Napoleon in the
Treaty of Chaumont.
April 4th 1814
-less than a month after the Treaty of Chaumont was
signed, Napoleon and his troops were defeated on this
date; April 4th 1814. Napoleon abandoned his throne,
and was granted only the island of Elba off Italy to
rule on his own with his imperial title still intact.
This was the date of Napoleon's great defeat by the
Quadruple Alliance.
:
June 18, 1815-
This is the date of the Battle ofWaterloo. This battle took place near Waterloo, now known as Belgium and isconsidered a great turning point in modern history. This battle was the finaland decisive action of the Napoleonic Wars that effectively ended Frenchdomination of Europe and brought about drastic changes in the politicalboundaries and the power balance of Europe.
St. Helena-
This island was discovered by Joao da Nova Costella, AKA JohnNewcastle. After English navigator Captain Thomas Cavendish visited the island,it soon became a port of call for ships en route between Europe and the EastIndies. In 1633 the Dutch formally annexed the island. In 1659, the EnglishEast India Company took possession of the island under the rule of Charles II.The first governor appointed was Captain John Dutton. The Dutch and Englandwere in war over the territory of St. Helena. The Dutch began to slowly takeover the island again, but the English recaptured its territory by the actionsof Captain Richard Munden. The first inhabitants were employees of the companyand English settlers. St. Helena is often referred to as the "lost countyof England".
1799-1814-
This is the time the third Boston, a 28 gun frigate, sailedamongst the oceans. The ship left the docks on May 20, 1799 from Boston,Massechusetts under the command of Captain G. Little. Boston cruisedextensively in the Atlantic, Mediterranean, and Caribbean protecting Americancommerce from privateers. Boston returned to Boston, then proceeded toWashington where she was laid up. She remained there until August 24, 1814,when she was burned to prevent ehr from falling into British hands.
Napoleon Bonaparte - Military dictator of France. Realizedthe need to put
an end to the civil wars in France. Able to get people on his side easily
and if they didnt join they would have them killed. He controlled all of
France, had allies in Russia, Sweden, Norway, Austria. Fought with Great
Britain many times. Fell to Louis XVIII at the battle of Waterloo and
France returned to a Monarchy.
Baron de Montisquieu One of the most important thinkers responsible for
joining the Enlightenments ideas of personal rights and freedoms to a form
of self-government. Believed in intermediary groups as a best defensefor
liberty against despotism.
John Adams On of many that believed that A parliament of Great Britain
can have no more rights to tax the colonies than a parliament of Paris.
Influential lawyer that helped in the Boston Tea party. Concerned about
politics wanted to see a change in the form of government. Later tobecome
the 2nd president of the US
Louis XV - king of france after Louis XIV (1715-74), involvedFrance in the
War of Polish Succession, Austrian succession, and the seven Years War.
France lost almost all control in America under him.
Emmanuel Joseph Sieyes - wrote the Declaration of the Rights of Man, "Whatis
the third Estate", major contributions in 1789-91 w/ theory of national
soveriegnty and representation, and the distinction between active and
passive citizens which restricted voting rights to male property holders,
conspired with napolean
Joseph Francois Foulon - Louis XVI counselor of state
Lympe de gouges - she was a self taught writer and woman of thepeople. she also put forth independent ideas on the 2 sexes that was verysimilar to mary wollstonecrafts ideas. she wrote the "Declaration ofthe Rights of Woman" which went beyond the 1789 rights of man.
Francis II - was the Hapsburg monarch when France declared war on themin 1792. he never really had much power and was beaten by the french.
Jacobin Club - is a club in paris where almost all of the memebers ofthe National Convention first started. it was a political club and manyof the deputies were loosely allied and called "jacobins" because ifthe club
Pope Pius VII 1804, underDuress Made Nepoleon Emperor, Taken Prisner During
Conquest of Rome, Concessions in Concordat of Fontainebleu, 1815 Pius gained
power (Nepolean Fell), used power.
Joseph Fouche` French Politician, Active Politician During FrenchRevo.
1792 Deputy in National Convention, Helped overthrow Robespierre (1794)
Minister of Police under Nepolean, exiled 1816.
prince klemens von metternich-1773-1859
-austrias foreighn minister, he hated political unrest an practisedconservatism-fought to strengthen austrias diplomatic and militaryposition-wanted to disrput the alliance between napoleon and czar alexander thefirst-originally he had a alliance with france but soon the quadrupal alliancewas formed against france which led to the allied victory at leipzig
louis xviii 1755-1824
in 1971 he fled from the french revolution-after the death of louis XVII by theemigres-exiled untill 1814 in england and koblenz-1814 he is restored to thefrench throne by the allies after there entry into paris-later forced to fleeagain upon hearing news of napolean returning-he came back with the allies in1815 after napoleons rule had ended with the defeat at waterloo-chief ministerwas Richelieu
Jakob Walter- Wrote "The Diary of a Napoleonic Foot Soldier" andother books
Lord Nelson- Admiral in English Royal Army during the French and Indian Wars
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