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Second Fr republic - In Dec. 1848, Louis NapoleonBonaparte, was elected president of the Second Republic. The secondrepublic lasted from c. 1852-1870, ending with the Franco Prussian war. During this republic, strong liberalism was put into practice.
Universal male suffrage - a classic idea of liberalism ofthe 1800's. In the mid 1800's, only white males owning land were able tovote, and this was very few. This was strongly advocated by thebourgeoisie and the working class
Magyars~
Germanic group which made up part of the Austrian
Empire. From Hungary, smaller group than the Germans
which were 1/4 of the population. They dominated in
Hungary, but were not a majority of the population
even there.
Czechs~
third major Germanic group to make up the Austrian
Empire.
Concentrated in Bohemia and Moravia.
JosephMallord William Turner
1775-1851, Englishlandscape painter, b. London. Turner was the foremost English romantic painterand the most original of English landscape artists. Painted the famous CalaisPier
Franz Liszt
1811-86, Hungarian composer and pianist. Liszt was a revolutionary figure ofromantic music and was acknowledged as the greatest pianist of his time. Hismost outstanding works for the piano include Années de pèlerinage, Douze tudesd'exécution transcendante , Six Paganini tudes ,20 Hungarian Rhapsodies, andLiebestraüme.
Annexationof Texas- Southtried to populate Texas area to make it a state; it was for slavery and tostrengthen the south.
Henri de Saint Simon- philosopher, French socialism, said it should becontrolled by industry (gov.), wrote influential books one is NouveauChristianisme.
Nicolo Paginini:
~wrote music for the violin
~a romanticism musician
~(1784-1840)
Beethoven
~ A romanticism musician until late19th century
~used contrasting themes and tones toproduce dramatic conflict and inspiring resolutions
~wrote symphonies, chamber music, sonatasfor violin and piano, masses, an opera, and a great many songs
REFORMBILL OF 1832:"an act to amend the representation of the people of
England and Wales" introduced by a Whig ministry; significance: the Houseof
Commons emerged as the all-important legislative body, new industrial area
gained representation, number of voters increased by about 50%, the building
pressures in Great Britain were temporarily released
PEOPLE CHARTER, 1838: part of radical program with the ChartistMovement;
called for universal male suffrage-believed that complete political
democracy and rule by the common people was the means to a good and just
society
AdamSmith: Developed the idea of free economy, wrote Inquiry into the
Nature and Causes of the Wealth of nations(1776), argued that free
competitive enterprise would provide a greater income for everyone not just
the rich, tried to regulate trade and economic activity.
Thomas Malthus: considered himself an objective social scientist,argued
that the population would always tend to grow faster than the food supply
available.
Robert Peel~ He was the Tory Prime Minister. In1845, the Irish potato crop failed, and in 1846, Peel joined with the Whigs anda small group of Tories to try to repeal the Corn Laws so the Irish couldimport grain.
ChartistMovement~ Movementwhose goal was political democracy. The key demand of the chartist movement wasuniversal male suffrage. Three separate petitions were signed (1839, 1842, 1848) and taken to Parliament to grant the man's right to vote. Allthree petitions were rejected
Sophia- Fought for women's right toearn a medical degree in Scotland and England.
FranzJoseph- Empower of Austria and King of Hungry. Was the last majorHabsburg ruler. His policies played a major role in the events that ledto World War I.
Liberalism:
-politicalideology spreading throughout Europe
-completely opposed by Metternich, a conservative
-Liberals wanted to change and alter the government, trying to come up with newideas for success in ruling a country
-Principal ideas: liberty and equality
-Liberalism became increasingly identified with the middle class after 1815
Classic Liberalism:
-19th century European view of a decentralized society which emphasizedlimited government and laissez-faire economics
-Difference between classic liberalism and modern conservatism: attachment offaith and tradition on the part of conservatives (Metternich!)
TenHours Act : This act limited the hours of labor to sixty-three perweek from 1 July 1842 and to fifty-eight per week from the 1st of May1848. There was no work on Saturday afternoon. An average workdayconsisted of ten hours.
1847: The Factory Act was passed in 1847. It wasestablished that a maximum of ten hours per day was the working average forwomen and children.
Louis XVIII: (1755-1824) Louis was the king ofFrance, he took the thrown after Napoleon. He ruled as a constitutionalsovereign. Later Louis fled to Belgium to escape France, but restored thethrown after the battle at Waterloo. He established the Charter,constitution, which allowed a legislative government, property quality forvoters, and limitations on freedom of press.
Victor Hugo - A French poet, novelist, andplaywright. His most famous work is "The Hunchback of Notre Dame". Hewas active in politics and was later exiled for 15 years to the island ofGuernsey by Napoleon III.
Eugene Delacroix - A French painter who is known for many unblendedcolors forming what at a distance looks like a unified whole. His ideas wouldlater be used by the impressionists painters. The French revolution of 1830inspired his famous "Liberty Guiding the People" painting, which wasthe last of his paintings
National Workshops- Louis Blanc and a worker named Albertestablished
permanent government sponsored workshops to be established for workers. Theseworkers would provide an alternative to capitalist employment and adecisive step toward a new noncompetitive social order
Alexis De Torqueville- author of Reflections in AmericaFrench politician and writer. He was prominent in politics, particularly justbefore and just after the Revolution of 1848, and was minister of foreignaffairs briefly in 1849. He was famous for predicting the fall of Louis Phillipe'sgovern. sys.
June days three days of bloody street fightin France in response to elections that brought in an abundance ofconservatives coming into the Constituent Assembly
Ferdinand I Habsburg emperor who wascontrolled by Klemmons von Metternich. Abdicated for Franz Joseph after therevolutionary break out.
Charles Fourier- from bourgeoisie family-believed in utopiansocialism & idea that the natural passions of man would result in socialharmony-work would be divided among people by what they naturally liked andwere good at
Louis Blanc-French socialist,politician,journalist andhistorian-everyone produce what they can and take what they need-wantednational workshops- utopian socialist
Tory- The wealthy aristocratic politicalparty of Britain. They make up a half of British Parliament.
Whigs- The manufactory and commercialpolitical party of Britain. They make up the second half of BritishParliament. (Both parties are wealthy.)
Karl Marx: German politicalphilosopher and revolutionist. In 1845Marx was ordered to leave Paris because of his revolutionary activities. He settled in Brussels and began organizingand directing a network of revolutionary groups, called CommunistCorrespondence Committees, in a number of European cities. The program they submitted, known throughoutthe world as the Communist Manifesto, was the first systematic statementof modern socialist doctrine and was written by Marx, partly based on a draftprepared by Engels.
Prussian Constituent Assembly: Mat in Berlin to write a constitution for the PrussianState, a self appointed commit of liberals from various German statessuccessfully called for a national assembly to begin writing a federalconstitution for a unified German State.
Friedrich Engles: (1820-1895) wrote Conditionsof the Working Class in England after he had worked in the cotton industryfor his father; met Karl Marx and formed a partnership with him; againstcapitalism, and worked with Marx to inspire the revolution of the proletariat;helped write the Communist Manifesto, and Das Kapital.
George Hegel: (1770-1831) German philosopher; believed that philosophy was the real,and that an Absolute Spirit was the thing that needed to be proven; came upwith the dialectal process, and inspired Karl Marxs dialectal materialism.
Romanticism: anattitude typical of the 18th century that was characterized byappreciation of nature, emotion over reason, and the examination of man in hisfull potential. Historians believe thatromanticism was in opposition to the enlightenment.
FrederickWilliam I -Frankfurt Assembly elects Frederick William I emperor of the new Germannational state. Reasserts royal authority and says he rules by divine right. Hewanted to be emperor, but only on his terms, and tries to get the smallermonarchs of Germany to elect him emperor, but Austria responded and withsupport from Russia, forces him to stop any unification schemes.
GermanConfederation -confederation of 38 German states, including Prussia and Austria. The statesmet in complicated assemblies dominated by Austria. Through here,Metternich passed the Carlsbad Decrees in 1819.
Frankfurt assembly - A convene created in order to write a constitution forthe German Confederation, they elected Frederick William I as emperor of thenew German state.
Schleswig-Holstien - War fought between the German Confederation and Denmarkfor control of Denmark. This was the first war Bismarck engaged in for Germanunification. German's won.
Six Acts: Eliminated most mass meetingsand placed more controls on the media.
Corn Laws: Controlled grainimports. The aristocracy forced reformsthrough parliament that only allowed importation of grain when the price roseabove eighty shillings. This forced thepeasants to continue farming the land they had begun to cultivate during thewars with Napoleon. Peasants had to payrent to the aristocracy on this land, so it increased their rent. This is why the aristocracy liked theselaws.
Quadruple Alliance: Four alliednations in Europe in the late 1700s; Russia, Prussia, Austria, and GreatBritain. They had defeated France andthen decided they needed to keep a balance of power in Europe. They met at the Congress of Vienna. All the rulers wanted to improve their ownnations as well as maintain balanced power across the continent.
Bourbon Dynasty: A ruling family ofFrance that was restored after Napoleons abdication. The Quadruple Alliance agreed to the restoration of the BourbonDynasty, and Louis XVIII was crowned the new monarch.
Sturm and Drang: Early Germanromantics of the 1770s and the 1780s gave themselves the name meaning stormand stress. Their Bohemian lives werecharacterized by suicides and insanity, the reason for them choosing the namethat they did.
John Constable: English landscapeartist of the Romantic Era. Hispaintings contained humans who were at one with their natural surroundings.
German Confederation: Established in 1850 to attempt to unite the
Germans. It failed.
Carlsbad Decree: Established to get rid of subversives (anyone who
talked about liberalism and nationalism). This Kind of reminded
people of Robespierre.
nationalism - the idea of working towards the greatness and expansionof
your country or group of people, often involved the pride of the people,
represented by the U.S. with manifest destiny and the Mexican-American war,
and in Italy with its unification
David Ricardo - developed his "iron law of wages" which statedthat because
of the pressure of population growth wages would be just high enough to keep
workers from starving, his ideas were used by industry and middle-class
people to justify opposing government action to improve work
Robert Caslereagh- represented Great Britain in the Congress ofVienna
Charles Tallyrand- represented France in Congress of Vienna
JulesMichelet- 1798-1874, French writer, thegreatest historian of the romantic school. He headed the historical section ofthe national archives and was professor of history at the College de France,but he lost his positions when he refused (1851) the oath of allegiance toLouis Napoleon (later Napoleon III). His major work is his Histoire de France(many volumes, 1833-67; several partial translations into English); its style,its emotional strength, and its powerful evocation make it a masterpiece ofFrench literature.
Guiseppe Mazinni- believed that "in laboring accordingto the true principles of our country we are laboring for Humanity." He also said "Peoples never stop before they have achieved the ultimateaim of their existence, before having fulfilled there mission." Hewas the leading prophet of Italian nationalism and unification. Hisbest-known work was The Duties of Man.
Pierre Joseph Proudon- French Socialist theorist. Wrote about poverty andcondemned abuse through private property. He supported anarchism and developed"mutualism".
Communist Manifesto- Book by Karl Marx dealing with class warfare,economic injustices, and the fact that industry was not really the answer toever problem of the workingman.
WilliamWadsworth: (1770-1850) Wordsworth was a romantic poet who protestedthe Industrial Revolution. He wasagainst the destruction and pollution of nature. He traveled to France after his graduation from CambridgeCollege. He believed that nature hadthe ability to elevate and interest people.
WalterScott: (1771-1832) Scott personified the Romantic Movementsfascination with history. He was deeplyinterested in literature from Johann Wolfgang von Goethe. The literature was tales of revolution andfreedom. He mostly composed nativepoems.
Johann Wolfgang von Goethe: (1749-1832) A German born philosopher, poet, playwright, and novelist. Was interested in various fields, so he madeall kinds of discoveries and findings, such as in animal and plant lifefindings and new insight on Newton's theory of light. Among Goethe's scientific discoveries were the discovery of thehuman intermaxilarry bone and the vertebral theory of the skull. His masterpiece is the book Faust , astory about a scholar that makes a pact with Satan and the story that entails.
Sentinel on the Rhine- means Guard on the Rhine (River). It was a belief by the Germans that they felt they always had to be watchful on the borders, especially to France. They feared their neighbors.
Klemens von Metternich- born in Germany and then became Austrian foreign minister in 1809. He was a big part in the Congress of Vienna and all of European politics from 1814-1848. 'Old Regime' philosophy. Formed Holy Alliance between Austria, Russia, Prussia, and France.
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