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WesternEurope- Western Europe was ahead in developments of family and of modernagricultural techniques. Western Europe was the beginning of many farmingstandards of today
Agricultural revolution- The revolution was one of the most importantrevelations throughout history. When the enlightenment struck agriculture therevolution happened. The result of the revolution was tremendous, it caused thepopulation influx and gave us the foundation to modern farming.
Farming Improvements- The agricultural improvements were many. Steel plow,weeder, seed drill, and row maker were invented by Jethro Tull. He startedusing horses instead of oxen and selective breeding.
Adam Smith- Adam was the writer of the Inquiry into the Nature and Wealth ofNations. He set fourth the basis for modern economics. He supported freecompetition among businesses.
The Low Countriesalso called the Benelux countries
which was the costal region of northwestern Europe.
These countries include Belgium, the Netherlands, and
Luxemburg.
Holland was the chief member of the United Provinces
of Netherland from 1579-1795 and it aslo led the
struggle for dutch independence. Holland has been
controlled by three major families... Wittelsbach,
Burgundy, and Hapsburgs.
England emerged as the leader of the countries in
Europe through out the Enlightenment. They led trade
and controlled the seaways and waterways. They
established such things as the navagation acts, the
enclosure acts, and the gaming laws to gain more power
and more land from the peasants. Also, they led break
throughs in agriculture such as the seed drill, row
planter, and row cultivator.
Selective breeding-
Mating animals(or plants) for desirable characteristics; tointerbreed with the aim of the best possible characteristics. Robert Blankwellwas the first to be credited with this idea.
1640's English Civil War-(1642-1651)
outcome of a conflict between king and parliament that was broughtabout by Charles I. Cavaliers vs roundheads. Oliver Cromwell had Charles Iexecuted and the peasents rejoiced.
1710's Townshend-(1674-1738)
During the 1710's Charles "tunip" Townshend took manyjobs from his brother in law (Walpole). He was in charge of foreign policy, hemaintained the treaty of Utrecht. Later he retired to work on crop rotation.
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1730 Townshend retired- He retired from politics to work on hiscrop
rotation and somebody nick named him "Turnip" Townsend because heapparently
he only talked about turnips.
Drainage and water control - The Dutch were the world leaders in drainage
because they had a lot of lad that was basicaly sea water, which were know
as fens. They came to England to help change much of the land into good
farming land, the largest and most famous project was the project in
Cambridgeshire where 40 thousand acres were reclaimed.
Crop rotation- This is where farmers will have maybe 4 fields, but only one
would be farmed. The others would have crops that replenished the nitrogen
in the soil. By manuring and draining exnensively, Charles Townsend was the
first to accomplish this.
drilling- Jethro Tull invented an instrument powered by horses thatwould drill holes rather than having to throw it out on the ground byhand. This helped the farming because the seed was inserted in a properdepth and in an even manner. This caused other positives such as increasein livestock.
Enclosure movement- A movement in the 1700's to enclose all farmland sothere would be not roaming cows. Nobles proffited off this because theymade the peasants pay for the survey and for thier fencing which for some ofthem they could not pay for all of the fencing to be done so they lost land.
Population growth- This was caused because:
~in some places mothers had more childern because there were newopportunities for umployment.
~main reason was decline in deaths though.
~there were better health measures after theplauges swept through Europe.
~humans were also more successful in their effortsto guard the supply of food and protect against famine. they had moretransportations(canals and roads)
~new foods were introduced such as the potato whichcontains vitamin A and C
~better farming methods.
Famine diseaseand war - Food was short. People gathered chestnuts &
stripped bark in the forest, cute dandelions and grass, and ate these
to escape starvation. Since they weren't eating too well (duh) they
got ill very easily. War may have caused this lack of food.
End of the Black plague - Ended with the lords giving personal freedom
and reinstituting serfdom. There was also an increased standard of
living for peasants and artisans.
Lack and brown rats - For some misterious reason the black rats were
elimated. They were elimated by the asian brown rat. The black rats
used to carry a flea that caused the plague, but so did the brown rat.
The good thing though was the flea on the brown rat didn't like human
blood and carried a weak version of the plague.
Medical Advances-notsignificant to the reduced deaths in the 18th century;
prevention of smallpox most important advance; water supply and sewage
systems improved, improved health; also less insects bc of better
conditions, so less diseases
Protoindustrialization-the forerunner to the factory system; wage workers
went to one place where the tools were
Growth of Cottage Industry-first was the putting out system, where the
merchants would take the goods to the peasants homes and come back about a
week later to collect the finished product; then protoindustrializion where
everyone went to one place so the merchant didnt have to move around so
much; then the factory system where all the workers came to one place, a
bigger scale of protoindustrialization
Putting Out System~ describing the keyfeatures of 18th century rural industry. A merchant 'put out' rawmaterials to cottage workers, the workers processed the materials in theirhomes, and returned the end product to the merchant.
Textile Industry~ the making oflinen, woolen, and cotton cloth. Industry where everymember of the working family had a job, as long as they could see and movetheir hands. Problems arose between workers ans employers over weight,quality of cloth, and lazy workers.
Flying Shuttle~ an invention of John Kay,it enabled the weaver to throw the shuttle back and forth between the threadswith one hand.
Invention Loom: The loom was inventedto spin thread and wool. Many innovations have been made to thisinvention over the years. John Kay invented the Flying shuttle. This was a kind of loom that spun wool and thread faster and easier. Theless work the people had to do the happier they were.
Everyone Worked: During the protoindustrialization periodwhen products were manufactured in the home, the entire family had a job todo. No one was without work, and everyone was kept busy. Childrenages eight years old to seniors ages eighty years old, all had a part in themanufacturing of goods
MERCANTILISM:European mercantilism was a system designed to export more
goods than were imported into a country to expand a nation's wealth. A
favorable balance of foreign trade was what countries aimed for. Britain's
commercial leadership in the 18th century was a result of the mercantilism
it had established in the 17th century. The English believed that gov't
economic regulations could and should serve both the private interest of
individuals and groups as well as the public needs of the state. On the
other hand, most European countries placed the needs of the state way above
personal wealth. England's desire to increase military power and private
wealth led to the mercantile system of the Navigation Acts. The mercantile
system of the Navigation Acts required goods being imported into Britain to
be carried on British ships. Also, the British colonies could basically
trade only with Britain.
COLONIAL WARS: Wars fought over the colonies in the Americas. War of Spanish
Succession, The War of Austrian Succession, and The Seven Years' War.
DUTCH EAST INDIA COMPANY: ??? Not sure- maybe just that it was damaged by
the three Anglo-Dutch wars and Navigation Acts ???
CORNELIUS VERMUYDEN: He was a Dutch engineer who directed a large drainage
project in Yorkshire and another in Cambridgeshire. Vermuyden and his
countrymen converted swampy wilderness into thousands of acres of some of
the best land in England.
DutchWest India co. - Chartered in 1621 and organized in 1623. Under this
charter no citizen could trade on the coast of Africa or the Americas
between Newfounland and the Straits of Magellan. This company established
Fort Orange, Fort Nassau, Fort Good Hope, and Fort Amsterdam all by 1628.
Oliver Cromwell Navigation acts - The Navigation Acts allowed only British
or colonial ships to trade with the American Colonies. The first Anglo-Dutch
War was held because of this.
Charles II Navigation act - Furthered the initial Navigation Acts by
abolishing the purchase of French sugar in the Americas, which had to be
replaced by the more expensive British sugar. This raised tensions in the
colonies and further restrictions on ports led to the second Anglo-Dutch
War.
French and British Wars-(1701-1763) Britain and France were locked in a series of wars to decide, inpart, which nation would become the leading maritime power in the EuropeanWorld. The first was was the War of Spanish Succession as well as many battlesin North America. Also fought was the war of Austrian Succession, The SevenYears War and the Battle of Quebec.
War of Spanish Succession-1701-14, last of the general European warscaused by the efforts of King Louis XIV to extend French power.
Peace of Utrecht - A series of treaties thatconcluded the War of the
SpanishSuccession.
It put an end to French expansion and signaled the rise of the BritishEmpire.
War ofAustrian Succession- The war broke out when, on the strength of the pragmatic sanctionof 1713, the Austrian archduchess Maria Theresasucceeded her father, Holy Roman Emperor Charles VI, as ruler of the Hapsburglands. The elector of Bavaria, Charles Albert, advanced counterclaims to thesuccession while Philip V of Spainand Augustus III ofPoland and Saxony advanced weak claims of their own.
Seven Yearswar 1756-63 - Also called the French and Indian War. Colonial rivallrydevelopped between France, Great Brittian over fur trading posts andland in the west, and over fishing rights off the coast of NEWFOUNDland. Francecontrolled the Ohio Valley which was very important(Borders lake and Tons ofland in the north a.k.a. Canada Eh. BTW thats spelt C-EH-N-EH-D-EH. Also wherevirguna planterrs had established furtrading posts. French tried to unite fortsthrough a chain from Canada all the way as south as N'Orleans. 1st 2 years ofthe war French and Native Americvan forces were crussing Britian. The WilliamPitt the Elder was giving complete charge of British foreign policy and hedesignated British gerneral James Wolfe to command troops in the New World.That turned the war and by 1760 the British had conquered all French holdingsin the New World climaxing in a fight for Quebec. Here was when Moltcalm,the general of New France was defeated. Moltcalm and Wolfe both die in thatbattle.
Seven YearsWar - See George Attacks French Soldiars. Fredrick led his troops well butstruggled b/c he had so many opponents. He was saved when Elizabeth of Russia died and her successor Peter the III made peace. Apparently he really admired Fredrick. It won the war for Fredrick and George. The French through all they had at Fredrick and then suddenly a major portion of their arm pull a Benedict Arnold and joinned the other side. The Treaty of Hubertusburg restored peaceand Fredrick kept Silesia. It actually was good for Austria b/c now thatSilesia was a mute point she found other things to . SHe improved internalaffairs; Established uniform taces, a customs union and state-sipportedelementary schools. She also convinced Nobles and commoners to work togetherand take government and armyposts equally. Unfortunately later on, her sonJoseph II screws all the things she improved up.
George attacks French soldiers - The emergence of Prussia as a major power led to a huge shift in alliances and enemies. Maria Theresa wanted toreconquer Silesia, so she made an alliance with Elizabeth of Russia.George II of Britain, fearing possible French attack on Hannover, made a treatyof neutrality with Frederick. The old Habsburg-Valois rivalry was forgotten asthe Austrian minister, Prince Kaunitz(sp?), maneuvered Louis XV, who was scaredof Prussia, into an alliance with Maria Theresa. Frederick(And George theII, alliance etc...) struck first by invading Saxony and Bohemia,beginning the Seven Years War.
Moltcalm defeated by British - Served in the War of Austriansuccession. Then was sent to New France as a major general of the Frenchtroops. Fought in the battle for Quebec had to withdraw and was killed in thebattle. The fall of Quebec was surrendered to the British ending theFrench's powr in North America.
ArthurYoung - Wrote Animals of Agricultureand was the Diderot of Encyclopedia of Farming.
Treatyof Paris - (1763) the treaty ending the Seven years war and establishing Britainas the colonial leader. France gave England all land East of the Mississippi toBritain and Louisiana to Spain. France lost all territory in north america.France also gave up holdings in India, opening the door for British control.Decisive in establishin English naval and colonial power.
Robert Bakewell - he pioneered selective breeding (especially cows), andcreated better, bigger, healthier animals.
Charles II- Charlesthe second of England (the restored king), after Oliver Cromwell passed thefirst laws of the Navigation acts, he extended them even further in 1660 and in1663. These navigation acts were not modified until 1786
Creoles- People born in Mexico that areof Spanish decent
Jean Francis Millet- Artist known for hisgreat paintings expressing social themes
William Pitt- Chief minister of Englandduring Seven Years/ French and Indian War, changed the tide of the war byconcentrating on harming France at an international level rather than attackthe country itself.
Szlacha PolishNobles
Jethro Tull Use the Enlightenment to improvefarming. Seed drill, the row cultivator and the row planner
Viscount Townshend - English politician andstatesman. Townshend was a member of a prominent English family; he was thegrandson of Charles Townshend, 2nd viscount Townshend of Raynham. He was madelord of the treasury in 1765, joint paymaster of the forces in 1767, andsecretary of war under Prime Minister Charles Rockingham in 1782. Later he washome secretary under Prime Ministers William Shelburne and William Pitt. Thecity of Sydney, Australia, was named for him.
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