Puritans- Came to America as Anglicans but created Puritanism.

Anglican Church- church of England started by Henry VIII under the Act of Supremacy.

Presbyterians- Scottish church. (John Knox)

Council of Trent- Catholic meeting deciding how to regain lost members of the church.

Vocations- An occupation, which one is suited well for.

Philip of Spain~ 1527-1598. Inherited Netherlands, Spain, and the New World from the Hapsburg side of the family. Became a leader against Protestantism and was a great supporter of the Spanish Inquisition. Had a Naval victory against Ottoman Turks, but lost the Spanish armada to England.

Antoine Duprat~ 1463-1535. Cardinal and Chancellor of France. Very influential in all offices, it was him who negotiated the Concordat of Bologna with Leo X. He was the 1st president of the Parliament of Paris.

Michael Servetus~ 1511-1553. Theologian and physician who was burned at the stake because of his religious beliefs. Responsible for the accurate description of the circulatory system.
Jane Seymour~ 1509-1537. The third wife of Henry VIII, but the first 'true wife' (first to give Henry a son), never given a coronation. Died two weeks after the birth of her son Edward.

Pope Pius II~ 1405-1464. Humanist scholar who became Pope in 1458. Known as a clever writer of love stories and Latin poetry.

Charles V (1500 - 1558) Charles was born in Ghent, Belgium, the son of Philip of Burgundy and Joanna of Spain, and he inherited the thrones of the Habsburg possessions, Spain and the Netherlands. As Holy Roman Emperor Charles V made a last attempt to revive the medireview universal empire. His opponents were therefore the European national states; especially France; the German princes; the Turks; but also the Pope. In 1525 Charles defeated Francis I of France; two years later Rome was sacked and the pope imprisoned, but now new dangers emerged from the East when the Turks laid siege to Vienna (1529). Eventually, the pope, Francis, and Charles agreed to a truce, but Charles's league with the pope drove the Protestants to rebellion. Charles defeated the German Protestants in 1547, but when France made an alliance with the North German rebels four years later, Charles' empire was shattered. Disappointed, Charles divided the empire between his son (Philip II of Spain) and his brother (Emperor Ferdinand), retiring to the monastery of Yuste in Spain in 1555. Pope Leo X (1513-1521) a.k.a. Giovanni de Medici son of Lorenzo . Authorized the selling of indulgences. The sale of indulgences started the Protestant reformation. He was a great Patron of the arts. He made up and signed the Concordat of Bologna.
Sixtus IV (1471-1484) beatified the city of Rome. He set up the building of the Sistine Chapel. He massively supported artists. He was based on obtaining material things.
Maximilian (1493-1519) The grandfather of Charles V. The ruler of the HRE until 1519. Hapsburg family. Married Mary of Burgundy. He brought together the fighting families of Europe by marriage.
Louis XII formed the league of Cambrai along with Max. in 1508. Married Anne of Brittany that lead to the strength of France
Petrarch, Francesco (1304-1374) Thought that the world was entering a new age. A new light. He was the first of the humanism/ individualists.
Francis I, 1494-1547, king of France (1515-47), known as Francis of Angoulême before he succeeded his cousin and father-in-law, King Louis XII.

Frederick II, 1194-1250, Holy Roman emperor (1220-50) and German king (1212-20), king of Sicily (1197-1250), and king of Jerusalem (1229-50), son of Holy Roman Emperor Henry VI and of Constance, heiress of Sicily.

John Frederick I, (Duke Frederick of Saxony) 1503-54, elector (1532-47) and duke (1547-54) of Saxony; last elector of the Ernestine branch of the house of Wettin. Frederick was a devout Lutheran. A leader of the Schmalkaldic League, he vacillated in loyalty to Holy Roman Emperor Charles V, but he was thrown into opposition when Charles undertook the Schmalkaldic War to crush the independence of the imperial states in Germany and to restore Christian unity. Frederick was forced to renounce the electorate in favor of his cousin and enemy, Maurice, duke of Saxony. He retained only a remnant of his lands and the title of duke. He refused to abandon his religious beliefs during subsequent imprisonment (1547-52).

Gattinara, Mercurino Arborio, marchese di 1465-1530, Italian statesman and jurist, cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. After a distinguished legal career in his native Piedmont, he served Margaret of Austria as counselor. In 1518 he was made chancellor by the king of Spain, later Holy Roman Emperor Charles V. A humanist and a scholar, Gattinara had much influence upon Charles, whom he urged to create a dynastic empire. Gattinara was made a cardinal in 1529.

Henry VIII, 1491-1547, king of England (1509-47), second son and successor of Henry VII. Had six wives (check notes). Formed the Anglican Church to avoid the rule of the pope and carry out divorces.

Mary Tudor - Raised as a devout catholic by her father Henry VIII. When she became queen of England she embarked on a rampage to cleanse England of Protestants. She married Phillip II, the king of Spain, her cousin, and when she died Phillip thought that he should have the thrown and sent the Spanish Armada.

William Tyndale - An English humanist that began an English translation of the New Testament in 1525, a year after visiting with Martin Luther in Antwerp. Started an underground movement of Protestantism in England.

Gustavus Vasa - In 1520, Gustavus Vasa skied 51 miles from Salan to Mora, Sweden, to lead his countrymen to freedom against the Danish King, Christian II. He was responsible for uniting Sweden and making it a Protestant nation, forming the church along strict Lutheran guidelines.

Herman von Wied

Thomas Wolsey - Good example of absenteeism and pluralism. He was Archbishop of York for fifteen years before he set foot in his diocese.

Jerome Bosch (1450-1516) Flemish painter. Used religion in his artwork but combined it with colorful imagery, grotesque figures, and folk legend. It reflects the confusion of the Middle Ages. Most famous for the painting Christ before Pilate. Jimenez Brethren of Common Life (1436-1517) A Spanish Cardinal that traveled to religious houses to preach to monks and friars to keep their high standards. He reminded them to uphold the rules and to use their training. He was part of many individuals who actively tried to correct the church. Philip of Burgundy married Joanna of Castile. Their marriage brought about Charles V who became the HRE emperor. Phil was the son of Maximilian and Joanna was the son of Ferdinand. Mary of Burgundy married Maximilain, their marriage was a massive event that brought about an international power. She gave birth to Phillip of Burgundy.

John Calvin 1509 - 1564 Swiss Reformator Calvin was one of the chief leaders of the Protestant Reformation, who was especially influential in England, Scotland, Switzerland, and colonial North America. Born at Noyon, he studied theology in Paris and law at Orleans. In 1534 he settled in Geneva. In his work 'Institutes of the Christian Religion' he presents a complete system of Christian faith, based on the Protestant principle that the Scriptures are the source of Christian truth. Calvin is known for his theocratic view of the state. He developed the pattern of church government that is called Presbyterian.

Ursuline Order of Nuns- Founded by Angela Merici, meant to combat 
heresy through education. First women's religious order concentrating 
Exclusively on teaching young girls.
Jesuits- Founded by Ignatius Loyola, a former Spanish soldier. Played a 
Powerful international role in resisting the spread of Protestantism, 
Converting Asians and Latin American Indians, and spreading Christian 
Education throughout Europe.
Index- Catalogue of forbidden readings.

Catherine of Aragon: Henry VIII's first wife; a devout Catholic from Spain; daughter of Ferdinand and Isabela; married Arthur, Henry's brother, first but then he died; mother of Mary the First; Henry wanted an annulment b/c she didn't produce a son; when annulment not granted, Henry created the Anglican church; Catherine was divorced and spent the remainder of her life in seclusion(1485-1536)
Christian III: (1503-59) ruled Denmark and Norway; established Lutheranism as the state church;unified and strengthened Denmark; called "Father of the People"
John Colet: (1467-1519) ENglish humanist who greatly influenced Erasmus
Charles V: (1500-58) ruler of the Holy Roman Empire; His opponennts were therefore theEuropean national states; especially France; the German princes; the Turks; butalso the Pope; sacked Rome and imprisoned the pope; eventually came to a truce with the pope, but started to be attcked by Turks and the German Protestants; when the pope made an alliance w/ the GErmans, Charles gave up and split his empire between his son and brother(Philip II and Ferdinand)
~Louis XI- a renaissance prince, he promoted new industries, such as silk weaving, he welcomed foreign craftsmen and entered into commercial treaties with England. Portugal and the towns of the Hanseatic League. He also stopped aristocratic theives and slowly cut into urban independence.

~Louis XII- married Anne of Brittany...this added the large western duchy of Brittany to the state. Wrote the diplomat Antoine du Prat. He was archbishop of Sens.

~Ignatius Loyola- founded the Jesuits(the society of Jesus). He was a former Spanish soldier and played a powerful international role in resisting the spread of protestantism convertings Asians and Latin American Indians to Catholicism, and spreading Christian education all over Europe

~Martin Luther- posted the 95 thesis on the doors of the Wittenberg castle, was against John Tetzels indulgences because no one came to confessions, started Lutherism, started the Protestant Reformation, wrote this after the 95 thesis-"Against the Murderous Th

Archbishop Thomas Cranmer-simplified the liturgy, invited Protestant theologians to England, and prepared the first Book of Common Prayer, which included the order for all services of the Church of England

Thomas Cromwell-Henry VIII's chief minister; influenced Henry's decision to dissolve the English monasteries; reformed and centralized the king's household, the council, the secretariats, and the Exchequer

Edward VI-Henry's son; sickly; short reign during which stongly Protestant ideas exerted a significant influence on the religious life of the country

Elizabeth-raised Protestant, but during her reign chose a middle course between Catholic and Protestant; she did not care what religion people followed as long as they kept quiet about it

Erasmus-his writings have strong Christian themes; The Praise of Folly; he called the sack of Rome (by Charles V's German and Spanish troop) a catastrophe for civilization

Pope Sixtus IV: (1471-1484) Sixtus IV built the Vatican Library. He authorized the Spanish Inquisition proposed by King Ferdinand. Pope Sixtus IV, along with other popes who ruled from 1450 to 1550, lived like a "secular Renaissance prince"- he beautified Rome, built the Sistine Chapel, and supported several artists.

John Staupitz: John Staupitz was Martin Luther's wise and kind confessor. He directed Martin Luther to study Saint Paul's letter. After Luther had studied the letters, he believed that salvation comes through a simple faith in Christ. Martin Luther thus discovered himself, God's work for him, and the basic belief of faith in the Christian religion.

Teresa of Avila: Teresa entered the Carmelite Convent of the Incarnation in Avila at the age of 20. After reading The Third Spiritual Alphabet and other devotional literature, Teresa began to see how the nuns, obsessed with status and social prestige, were not really living the life God wanted them to. They did not practice poverty, were supported by rents from their lands, and frequently entertained guests. She also had visions and heard vioces in which Christ chastised her for life in the convent. She developed a new, reformed convent with four basic principles:

1. Poverty and rejection of rents

2. Strict enclosure

3. Class distinctions were forbidden. No beliefs in "purity of blood".

4. Obedience, esp. to one's confessor.

Teresa reformed and founded 14 other houses of nuns. She also wrote books and letter about religion.

John Tetzel: John Tetzel was a Dominican friar who was hired by Archbishop Albert to sell indulgences. He came up with slogans such as, "As soon as coin in coffer rings, the soul from purgatory springs" that brought lots of success to the sales. He even drew up a chart with certain prices for each sin.

Ernst Troeltsch: Ernst Troeltsch was a German student of the socialogy of religion. He defined Protestantism as a "modification of Catholicism, in which the Catholic formulation of questions was retained, while a different answer was given to them."

Predestination - Calvinism believes that God is all powerful, and human beings having free will would detract from the power of God, so instead God has already decided at the beginning of time who would be saved and who would be sent to hell. This belief that everything has been decided by God is called predestination (pg. 467)
Catechism - Calvin's Genevan Catechism published in 1541, people memorized questions and answers to acquire a summary of their faith and a guide for their daily living. The Catechism gave Calvinists thorough instruction in Calvinism. (pg. 468)
Anabaptist - Anabaptist means "to baptize again." the Anabaptists were the left wing of the new religions, they believed children were not responsible for their actions, only adults could make a free choice about religion, and so baptizing children was ridiculous. Anabaptists believed in religious toleration, which was thought to undermine the state established churches. Each Anabaptist community was independent of all the others, they could run their own affairs. Anabaptists let women become clergy, shared goods like the early Christians, refused public offices, and would not serve in the armed forces, they were great pacifists. Unfortunately, they were the minority, and mostly attracted the poor, unemployed and uneducated. Their ideas brought great hatred and persecution upon them, they were banished and executed all over Europe. Their ideas live on with the Quakers, the Baptists, and the Congregationalists. (pg 469-470)

Lollards - demanded ecclesiastical reform back in the 14th century, they were driven underground in the early 15th century but still survived in working class people. They stressed the individual's reading and interpretation of the Bible, which was the only standard of faith and holiness. Thus did not value the sacraments and were very anti clerical. They opposed ecclesiastical wealth, veneration of saints, prayers for the dead, and war. Also allowed women to participate in the church.(pg. 470 and 394)

Book of Common Prayer - I think this was supposed to be The Book of Common Order by John Knox in 1564, which was the religious directory for the Presbyterian church.
St. Antonio archbishop of Florence when visited a church in 15th cent., found books and churches in horrible state, many priests barely able to read or write. this decay led to the humanist movement condemning the ignorance or low educational level of the clergy.

Augustine of Hippo Augustine was born in Tagaste (modern Souk Ahras, Algeria) in 354 and died almost seventy-six years later in Hippo Regius. In the years between he lived out a career that seems to moderns to bridge the gap between ancient pagan Rome and the Christian middle ages. But to Augustine, as to his contemporaries, that gap separated real people and places they knew, not whole imaginary ages of past and future. He lived as we do, in the present, full of uncertainty. He depicts himself as a rather ordinary sort of child, eager to win the approval of his elders but prone to trivial acts of rebellion, quick to form close friendships but not always able to foresee their consequences. He studied Latin with some enthusiasm but never loved Greek. He learned much from Cicero and his writings.The zeal for philosophy led first in what may seem a strange direction. Fired with the love of wisdom from his reading of the quintessential Roman politician, Augustine immediately joined a religious cult from Persia that had planted itself in the Roman world as a rival of Christianity: Manicheism. This sensual but sensitive young man, brought up around but not exactly in Christianity, took his Ciceronian enthusiasm with the utmost seriousness on the moral plane. He knew his own life did not in fact match his noble ideals. He was torn between the conventional pleasures of adolescence and the conventional rigors of philosophy. For this tension, Manicheism offered soothing relief. Augustine was not to blame that he felt this way, the Manichees told him, for he was only the pawn of greater forces that could, because Augustine was lucky and clever, be propitiated. Security could be had without sacrifice, and guilt removed without atonement. The world the Manichees imagined was torn between two contrary powers: the perfectly good creator and the perfectly evil destroyer. he married a woman (don't know her name) and was married to her for nearly a decade. they had a child together who later died in his adolescence. he then dumped his wife to marry a woman in Milan for financial reasons.

St. Bernard a french monk who joined the community at Citeaux in 1112 at age 23. years later he was appointed founding abbot of Clairvaux in Champagne. during this position~attacked theological views of Peter Abelard, interveined in papal election of 1130, drafted "Knights of Templars" and preached 2nd crusade. Citeaux founded 525 new monasteries in course of twelfth century, influence on europe =profound

Anne Boleyn Henry VIII second wife, failed to produce a male heir to his throne (twice~Elizabeth and Mary) in 1536 was beheaded b/c henry charged her with adulteroud incest. Parliament proclaimed anne's daughter elizabeth illegitimate.

Katherine von Bora Ex nun that Luther married who mellowed him about his views of women. she was an excellent financial keeper for luther and gave him many children. his views of women after his marriage changed to the kitchen, children and the church.

Tomas More --- 1478-1535. An English writer and statesman, born in London. Studied at Oxford. He > became a member of Parliament, and was made Lord Chancellor in 1529. He became famous as a > literary figure through his work 'Utopia.' After he refused to acknowledge the king, Henry VIII, > rather than the Pope, as head of church, More was imprisoned and executed. > >

Pope Paul III --- 14681549, pope (153449) He was created cardinal by Alexander VI, and his > influence increased steadily. A very astute church diplomat, he directed his efforts chiefly in > aid of the reforming party. With his election a new era in the papacy opened, for papal > involvement in the Counter Reformation began. Paul favored a new council to reconcile the > Protestants and reform the church. After elaborate preparations, countless intrigues, and several > false starts the Council of Trent convened. (1545) At his accession Paul appointed a special > commission, made up of the most ardent reformers; this commission was valuable to the council for > the information it had on actual conditions in Rome. Paul also patronized the newly founded > Jesuits. > >

Pope Paul IV --- 14761559, pope (155559) A leading reformer, he organized the Inquisition set up > by Paul III. As pope, he labored to purify the clergy and abolish corruption and worldliness from > the papal curia, thus promoting the Counter Reformation. He repudiated the settlement between Mary > I of England and Reginald Cardinal Pole, and he later declared Elizabeth I illegitimate and unfit > to be queen. > >

ST. Paul --- 5 BC - 64 AD Christian Apostle. Originally an enemy of the Christian church, he > became converted through a vision on the road to Damascus. He visited Peter and James in > Jerusalem, then went to Antioch where the idea of a planned mission first arose. Paul began a > series of missionary journeys through Asia Minor and Greece. Established a number of churches. In > 57 AD he was arrested in Jerusalem and brought to Rome to await trial. Died in Rome under Nero. > >

Olaus Petri --- 1644 - 1710 Danish astronomer. He is noted for his discovery that light travels at > a definite speed and does not move through space instantaneously. he estimated the approximate > velocity of light through observations of the eclipses of satellites of Jupiter. From 1681 he was > professor of astronomy at the Univ. of Copenhagen and royal mathematician. He constructed the > first practical transit instrument (1690) and the earliest transit circle (1704) and supervised > the erection of an observatory near Copenhagen.

Machiavelli: (1469)-(1527) He was born in Florence. He became a statesman and a philosopher. He wrote The Prince, which was a gift to the Italian ruler at the time, Medici. Machiavelli also supervised military operations of the republic, and this lead to the meeting and study of many Italian political leaders.

Mary Queen of Scots: (1542)-(1587) Her real name is Mary Stewart, and she became the queen before she was even a week old. She is Roman Catholic. Mary married her cousin, Henry Stewart, in order to join Protestant party. Scot nobles turned against her, and she fought back with her own army. She was executed as a prisoner of Queen Elizabeth.

Maximillian I of Hapsburg: (1459)-(1519) Established the Hapsburg empire. He subdued rebellious cities in Hapsburg and united the empire. He engaged his son Philip and Joann in hopes to unite Spain. He was a patron of the arts.

Philip Melanchthon: (1497)-(1560) He was a German scholar and religious reformer. He was studied theology, and later became a professor on the subject. He also created the Augsburg Confession. This was a collection of 21 articles of faith that he drew up with Luther's advice.

Angela Merici: (1470)-(1540) Saint. Italian religion. She enterd the Third Order. She experience a "vision" in 1506. So she formed the company of St. Ursula. This was the first teaching order for young girls, it was voted superior in 1537.

On Christian Liberty- Martin Luther used this in his treatise, "A Christian man is the most free lord of all and subject to none." These words easily contributed to the social unrest and peasant revolts. Luther didnt intend for this to happen though.

Twelve Articles- a summary in which expressed the peasants grievances of the sixteenth century. The articles complained about that the nobles had seized the village common lands

Against the Murderous Thieving Hordes- Martin Luther wrote a tract about the revolts of the peasants. "Let everyone who can smite, slay, and stab, secretly and openly, remembering nothing can be more poisonous, hurtful or devilish than a rebel."