ALEXANDER VI 1431-1503 Pope Alexander Borgia was born in Jativa, Spain. A member of the powerful Borgia family he was made a cardinal by his uncle in 1455. Elected pope in 1492 - previously secured by bribery - he strove to break the power of the Italian princes, and to appropriate their possessions for the benefit of his own family. Alexander VI typified the decadence of the Renaissance papacy; he reformed the papal finances but he was a corrupt, and ambitious pope, whose neglect of the spiritual needs of the church contributed to the Protestant Reformation. He first supported the war against the Ottomans, but subsequently allied with the Turks when the king of France claimed the kingdom of Naples. During his pontificate, he apportioned the New World between Spain and Portugal, and introduced the censorship of books.

Cesare~ His son, Cesare, brought the north of Italy under his control with a ruthless policy of assassinations, earning the admiration of Machiavelli who used Cesare as the model for his classic on politics.

SAVONAROLA 1452 - 1498 Italian Reformer Girolamo Savonarola was born in Ferrara, Italy. He entered the Dominican order at Bologna, then moved to Florence where he became renowned for his clash with tyrannical rulers and a corrupt clergy. After the overthrow of the Medicis in 1494 Savonarola set up a democratic republic with strict laws governing the repression of vice and frivolity. His denunciations of the abuses of Church and government leaders made him many enemies, including Pope Alexander VI, who summoned him to Rome to answer a charge of heresy. After disregarding the order he was excommunicated, tortured, hanged and then and burned.

Charles VIII~ French king inaugurated new period in Italian and European power politics (Italy became focus and battle ground for foreign armies.) Swept down Italian peninsula unopposed and conquered Florence, Rome and Naples.

Piero de Medici~ went to French camp (Charles VIII) seeking peace. As a result the Florentines exhiled Medici family and restored republic government.

Charles V (1500 - 1558)Charles was born in Ghent, Belgium, the son of Philip of Burgundy and Joanna of Spain, and he inherited the thrones of the Habsburg possessions, Spain and the Netherlands. As Holy Roman Emperor Charles V made a last attempt to revive the medireview universal empire. His opponennts were therefore the European national states; especially France; the German princes; the Turks; but also the Pope. In 1525 Charles defeated Francis I of France; two years later Rome was sacked and the pope imprisoned, but now new dangers emerged from the East when the Turks laid siege to Vienna (1529). Eventually, the pope, Francis, and Charles agreed to a truce, but Charles's league with the pope drove the Protestants to rebellion. Charles defeated the German Protestants in 1547, but when France made an alliance with the North German rebels four years later, Charles' empire was shattered. Disappointed, Charles divided the empire between his son (Philip II of Spain) and his brother (Emperor Ferdinand), retiring to the monastery of Yuste in Spain in 1555.
Pope Leo X (1513-1521) a.k.a. Giovanni de'Medici son of Lorenzo . Athorized the selling of indulgences. The sale of indulgences started the Protestant reformation. He was a great Patron of the arts. He made up and signed the Concordat of Bologna.
Sixtus IV (1471-1484) beatified the city of Rome. He set up the building of the Sistine Chapel. He massively supported artists. He was based on obtaining material things.
Maximilian (1493-1519) The grandfather of Charles V. The ruler of the HRE until 1519. Hapsburg family. Married Mary of Burgundy. He brought together the fighting families of europe by marriage.
Louis XII formed the league of Cambrai along with Max. in 1508. Married Anne of Brittiany that lead to the strength of France
Petrarch, Francesco (1304-1374) Thought that the world was entering a new age. A new light. He was the first of the humanismt/ individualists.

ST. AUGUSTINE: Christian missionary sent to England to convert the Anglo-Saxons; the first Archbishop of Canterbury; feast day May 26, in the Anglican church.
POPE NICHOLAS V: 1397-1455; scholar; founded the Vatican Library; beautified Rome; began the rebuilding of St. Peter's Basilica; is said to have inagurated the "golden age of humanists" b/c of his love for religion and knowledge
POPE SIXTUS IV: 1414-1484; built the Sistine Chapel; gained didain for papacy b/c of his using of favoritism and manuevering for political power
CELLINI: 1500-1571; he was a goldsmith, sculptor, and writer; wrote Autobiography; was patronized by Pope Clement VII; Francis I of France comissioned him for France; created many beautiful works for the French court.
BRUNI: 1370-1444; coined the phrase "humanism" meaning new learning; a historian and rhetorician of Florence

Cicero-(106-45 B.C.) known for his dedication to Rome and its laws; also for his literary genius; he used the Latin word "humanitas" to mean the literary culture needed by anyone who would be considered educated and civilized.

Pico Della Mirandola-wrote "On the Dignity of Man"; he believed that man is between beasts and angels, but bc of the divine image planted in him, there are no limits to what he can accomplish.

Jan Massys-(1509-1575)artwork, "The Usurers"-in the picture there are two wealthy men at a desk, one is recording the day's receipts and the other is watching the viewer, "calculating his worth"

Lorenzo Valla-(1406-1457)-humanist, his "On Pleasure" defended the pleasuere of the senses as the highest good; also wrote "On the False Donation of Constantine"

Giovanni Boccacio-"The Decameron"-tales portray an aquisitive, sensual, and worldly society

Pope Julius II- (pope in 1503) He was a powerful ruler and patron of the arts, commissioning Donato Bramante's design for St. Peter's in Rome and Michelangelo's frescoes for the Sistine Chapel in the Vatican.

Michaelangelo- Italian sculptor, painter, architect, and poet of the High Renaissance. His major works, such as the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel in the Vatican, were executed for patrons in Florence and Rome.

Leonardo Da Vinci- Italian painter, sculptor, architect, engineer, and scientist. One of the master painters of the High Renaissance, he painted the Mona Lisa and The Last Supper. Many of his scientific observations and inventions, particularly in anatomy, optics, and hydraulics, were centuries ahead of their time.

Raphael- Italian artist of the Italian High Renaissance, he is best known for his religious paintings. His real name is Raffaello Sanzio

Andrea Mantegna- Italian painter. He was a master of perspective and foreshortening. His chief patrons were the Gonzaga family of Mantua, Italy

The Strozzi Family noble florentine family that grew rich through commerce and took an active role in the government of the city. The all strongly opposed the rule of Medici over Florence.Important members of the Strozzi family include: Palla- (c.1373-1462)politician and humanist. Filippo- (1428-91)banished by Medici, and built the Strozzi Palace Filippo-(1489-1538) son of above,married Lorenzo de Medici's grandaughter, yet grew to dislike Medici. Leone-(1515-54)admiral in french service,led wars against Spain. Piero-(d.1558)marshal in french service,fought against in Italian Wars Filippo-(1541-82)fought for French against Spain and was killed

Giotto (di Bondone) c.1266-1337 Florentine painter and architect, noted not only for his work but for his impact on european painting

Donatello (Donato di Niccolo di Betto Bardi) c.1386-1466 Italian sculptor, major innovator in Renaissance art. Invented the schiaccio technique (shallow relief)shows spatal depth. Big works include St.Mark, St.John the Evangelist, St.George, and St.George and the Dragon

Piero Della Francesca c.1420-1492 Major Italian renaissance painter, added his own acute perception of nature. Famous works include Baptism of Christ, The Story of the True Cross, and The Resurrection

Pierto Aretino: Letter writer, humanist, and saterizer of princes.

Titian: Italian Renaisance painter; Charles the V, Holy Roman Emperor, stopped to pick up his paintbrush showing that the artist was highly regarded, even by royalty.

Bellini: Italian painter and diplomat to Constantinople; was well liked in Constantinople and well rewarded.

Benozzo Gozzoli: Painted for a Medici a painting of a hunt with great attention given to the glory of the Medici family, nothing religious about it.

Johann Gutenburg (Fust and Schoffer)- these men all made the movable type of writing. Now people could easily print individual letters rather than having to use whole words. Pope Sylvester II- built the first mechanical clock in the West

Sofonisba Anguissola and Artemisia Gentileschi- women who achieved international renown for paintings.(In the Renaissance in Italy)

Isabella Andreini: (1562-1604) She was an actress, a poet, and a playwright. She was a strong writer of women's defense. She was the first sixteenth century Italian woman to write, stage, and publish a play, "Mirilla" in (1588). She was a very dramatic feminist. Laura Cereta: (1469-1499) Born in Brescia, she acquired a strong education. She excelled in Latin, Greek, and mathematics. She married at age 15 to a merchant, but he died, and she never married again. In 1488 a Latin manuscript, Epistolae familiares, containing 82 letters and a mock funeral oration was written be her.

Bernardino of Siena and Savorola: (1380-1444) Franciscan monk, born in Massa di Carrara, Italy. He entered the order in 1404, was appointed its vicar-general for Italy (1438), and made himself famous by his rigid restoration of the rule. He was canonized in 1450.

Saint Maurice: born in the 14th century. St. Maurice is said to have belonged to a legion called the Thebaei, the earliest surviving evidence for him was a letter written by Theodore of Octodrum. This legion believed in consummating their martyrdom for Christ. He is said to have been the founder of this legion.

Isabella (Sforza)--- 1451-1504. Queen of Castile and Aragon. Isabella was born in Spain, the daughter of John II, King of Castile and Leon. In 1469 she married Ferdinand V of Aragon with whom she ruled with from 1479. Isabella's marriage to Ferdinand united Spain's two largest kingdoms and laid the foundation of the Spanish state. Isabella and Ferdinand expelled the Moors from Spain in 1492. In the same year all jews were ordered to leave Spain to become Christians. She also sponsored the voyages of Columbus. Tomas More --- 1478-1535. An English writer and statesman, born in London. Studied at Oxford where he befriended Erasmus of Rotterdam. He became a member of Parliament, and was made Lord Chancellor in 1529. He became famous as a literary figure through his work 'Utopia.' After he refused to acknowledge the king, Henry VIII, rather than the Pope, as head of church, More was imprisoned and executed.

Erasmus --- 1466-1536. Dutch Scholar. Erasmus was a dominant figure of the humanist movement. Desiderius Erasmus was born in Rotterdam, The Netherlands. After 6 years in an Augustinian monastery, he became a priest. Went to Paris, then moved to England in 1498 and became professor of divinity and of Greek at Cambridge, He wrote his satire 'Encomium moriae' (The Praise of Folly) here. His masterpiece 'Colloquia' - a critical text about Church abuses appeared in 1519. Although he did not attack the teachings of the Church, he tried to arouse interest in Church reform.

Rabelais --- 1495-1553 Influential French writer, born at Chinon. He became a monk, studied medicine and anatomy and became a physician in the hospital at Lyon. He is the author of a comic and satirical masterpiece, 'Gargantua and Pantagruel' in which he sought to liberate the late Middle Ages from the superstitions that confined man.

Henry VII~ 1457-1509. During the War of the Roses, he married Elizabeth of York to unite the York and Lancaster houses. He had a great distrust in his nobility, so many of his advisers were of the middle-class. Unified his Country with Scotland by having his daughter, Margaret, mary the Scotish king. Secured international recognition of Tudor dynasty by having his son, Arthur, mary Catherine of Aragon.

Jan Van Eyck- 1384-1441, One of the greatest flemish painters of the 15th century. perfected the oil painting technique, and was the founder of the early Netherlands School of Art. Seen as an equal to Italian painters, were much more admired in Italy than anywhere else. Rogier Van Der Weyden- 1400-1464, flemish painter, possibly a pupil of Van Eyck. Much more religious in terms of his paintings. Also looked on as an equal to an Italian painter.

Jerome/Jeroen/Hieronymous Bosch- 1453?-1516, flemish painter, usually used religious themes but with grotesque (nightmarish) images, some based on myths from the end of the Middle Ages.

Louis XI- King of France from 1461-83, laid the foundation of absolute monarchy.successor of Charles VII. Worked to establish unity at the end of the 100 Years War. Known as Louis the Spider for his ugliness and the manner with wich he plotted against his enemies. Conspired agains by the League of the Public Weal, which was set up by Charles the bold.

Henry IV: He ruled England from 1399-1413. During this time in the Renaissance, the aristocracy dominated the government and Henry IV's reign. English society suffered from the aristocracy's violent acts at the local level.

Charles VII: Charles VII was a French king who ruled from 1422-1461. He revived the French monarchy and France itself after the Hundred Years' War. This was strange because he was frail, indecisive, and burdened with questions about his parents.

Charles VII... 1. Reconciled the Burgundians and Armagnacs.

2. Expelled the English from France (except Calais).

3. Reorganized the royal council.

4. Remodeled the army. He created the first permanent royal army.

5. Published the Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges.

Edward IV: Yorkist who reigned from 1461-1483. He began to establish domestic peace in England by reconstructing the monarchy.

Richard III: He was the brother of Edward IV. He ruled from 1483-1485. He also worked to restore the monarchy and crush the power of the nobility. He tried to restore order and law at the local level.

**Both Edward IV and Richard III used "Machiavellian" methods of ruling**

Ferdinand and Isabella: Called "New Monarchs", Isabella and Ferdinand ruled with a strong sense of royal authority and national purpose. They stressed the monarchy and the fact that it linked all the social classes together.The two rulers supressed opposition and rebellion. They were not completely "new", though. They used the ideas of monarchs of the Middle Ages. Their marriage was seen as the unification of two royal houses. They had two daughters: Catherine of Aragon and Joanna. Ferdinand and Isabella used "hermandades" to stop rebellion. They reconstructed the royal council. The pair was called the "Catholic Kings of Spain" by the papacy. Ferdinand was not a religious fanatic, however. He wanted to appear a moral and devout Christian. Ferdinand and Isabella set up the Inquisition of Spain to find heretics and punish them.

Henry VIII (1491-1547) was one of the strongest of English monarchs who helped England become one of the great naval powers, but who spent a large part of his fortune on foreign wars. After the Pope refused to nullify his marriage with Catherine of Aragon Henry withdrew from the Roman Church and created the Anglican Church of England. The clergy was then forced to recognize the king as the supreme head of the Church and the suppression of monasteries began. He had 6 wives- Catherine of Aragon whom he divorced, Ann Boleyn who was beheaded, Jane Seymour (died giving birth to Edward), Anne of Cleaves who was also divorced, Catherine Howard(beheaded), and Catherine Parr who went far.
Pope Alexander VI- Father of Cesare Borgia, (Machiavelli's Ideal Prince) . Elected pope in 1492 - previously secured by bribery - he strove to break the power of the Italian princes, and to appropriate their possessions for the benefit of his own famil

Philip and Joanna- Philip of Burgundy and Joanna of Castile, United the countries of Austria and France. They had a son, Charles V.
Charles V- A virgorous defender of catholicism, Charles V was born in Ghent, Belgium, the son of Philip of Burgundy and Joanna of Spain, and he inherited the thrones of the Habsburg possessions, Spain and the Netherlands. As Holy Roman Emperor Charles V made a last attempt to revive the medireview universal empire. His opponennts were therefore the European national states; especially France; the German princes; the Turks; but also the Pope. In 1525 Charles defeated Francis I of France; two years later Rome was sacked and the pope imprisoned, but now new dangers emerged from the East when the Turks laid siege to Vienna (1529). Eventually, the pope, Francis, and Charles agreed to a truce, but Charles's league with the pope drove the Protestants to rebellion. Charles defeated the German Protestants in 1547, but when France made an alliance with the North German rebels four years later, Charles' empire was shattered. He was forced to sign the Peace of Augsberg, which forced him to recognize Luteranism. It also let each prince choose his territory's religion, and as a result most of N. Germany became Lutheran and most of S. Germany Roman Catholic.
Leon and Castile were the dominant territories in Spain. The joined together to form a single political organization

Durer - the most famous artist of reformation Germany - first artist to elevate the graphic medium to an independent art form

Copernicus - founder of modern astronomy - discovered Heliocentric Solar System (Planets including the earth, revolve around the sun and that the earth revolved around its axis once everyday) - his work with the Heliocentric Solar System had a hostile reception because it challenged the teaching of the Earth being the center of the universe, which was the widely accepted theory.

Hans Holbien the younger - German artist - One of the most accomplish portraitists. Also did wood cuts, stained glass and jewelry - His father, Hans Holbien the Elder was also a portraitists and the young studied under his father at an early age. - Designed many of the title-page woodcuts and pen and ink sketches for The Praise of Folie by Erasmus Boticelli Alessandro di Mariano Filipepi (Boticelli)- Italian painter - Painted the birth of Venus one of the best-loved quattrocento painters

Naples - consists of most of southern Italy, and occasionally Sicily Papal States - located in central Italy, controlled by Pope, who's power there was reasserted by Cesare Borgia Holy Roman Empire - lacks strong central power, governed by seven electors, whats left of Byzantium and Constantinople.

Venice - because of enormous trade, international power. Sophisticated constitution and republic in name, but an oligarchy of merchants actually ran the city.

Milan - also a "republic", but Sforza family ruled

Pisa- City in central Italy, that fought off and on with Florence during the renaissance.

Spain- Was Catholic and everyone else who wasn't was kick out.

England- nited religiously by Henry VIII, Anglican Church.

France- Was not united under one religion and therefore did not become a country.

Renaissance- Series literary and cultural movements in the 14th-16th centuries.

Hapsburg- Valois Wars- Faught between Francis I of France and Charles of Hapsburg. Battles motivated by who became the ruler of the Holy Roman Empire.

Secular movement-Societies change in focus from "otherworldliness" to paying more attention to life on earth.

Pragmatic Sanction- Asserted superiority of a general council over the papacy. Concordant of Balogna- Pope acknowledged that French government could select French bishops and abbots. In return, pope received the first year's income of new French bishops and abbots.

Spanish Inquisition- Catholic Church's attempt to remove all Jews, heretics, Moslems, and "new Christians" from Spain.

Black Death- Brought from the East by Italian merchants, the bubonic plague caused a sharp decline in the European population.

Expelling Jews- Had already occurred in France and England during the 12th century. Finally in Spain, anti-Semitism was irritated by fiery anti-Jewish preaching, economic dislocation, and by the search for a scapegoat during the Black Death.