Thomas Becket~ archbishop of Canterbury under Henry II; resisted Henrys attempts to control Catholicchurch; four of Henrys knights killed Becket on their own; he is a saint
Thomas Wolsey~ Henry VIIIsLord Chancellor; impeached for failing to secure Henrys divorce to Catherineof Aragon
Louis XIV~ (1638-1715) Bourbon ruler; first real absolute monarch;built Versailles, the palace where all the nobles came to live; had threeobjectives: reorganize government, replenish the treasury, and establishborders he could defend against enemies.
Henry IV~ (1553-1610) firstof the Bourbon kings; baptized
Catholic, brought up Calvinist; athis wedding to Margaret of Valois the St. Bartholomews day massacre occurred,which killed several thousand Huguenots were murdered; during his reign, heissued the Edict of Nantes, which allowed religious freedom in France.



Duke of Sully~(Maximilien de Bethune)
- chief minister to Henry the Great
- devout protestant
- combined taxes and leased their collection to financiers,increasing revenue
- one of the first French officials to appreciate overseas trade(created "Company for Trade with the Indies")
- worked w/Henry IV to restore public order

Marie de Medici~
- queen regent
- headed govt. for Louis XIII (child king)
- in 1642 appointed Cardinal Richelieu

Louis XIII~
-ruled 1610-1643
- child king
- Maria de Medici appointed Cardinal Richelieu to help run govt. for him



Jules Mazarin (1602-1661)- The instructor of LouisXIV, the appointed aide to Louis XIII. Mazarin was the successor to Richelieu.Mazarin was in power during Louis XIV childhood. He used Richelieu's ideas. Hebrought about the civil war known as the Fronde. He was not a strong a leaderas Richelieu.

Cardinal Richelieu (1585-1642)- The strongest most powerful man inFrance during Louis XIII rule. Richelieu set up much of the French socialstructure. He wanted the power of France to be the strongest in the world, andbelieved in absolute rule. He influenced many people and established the 32generalities. He curbed the nobles power and spent money of foreignexploration.

Gustavus II (Gustavus Adolphus), 1594-1632, king of Sweden, son andsuccessor of Charles IX. In military organization and strategy, Gustavus wasahead of his time. He organized a national standing army. He was deeplyreligious. His successes were due to this discipline, his use of small, mobileunits, the superiority of his firearms, and his personal charisma.

Queen Maria Theresa -Conservative. A devout Roman Catholic. Austrianarchduchess, queen of Bohemia and Hungary, consort of Holy Roman EmperorFrancis I and dowager empress after the succession (1765) of her son, JosephII. Her father, Holy Roman Emperor Charles VI, altered the Hapsburg family lawby the pragmatic sanction of 1713 so that she might succeed to the Hapsburglands


Frederickthe Great- He ruled Prussia from 1740-1786.
Frederick was the model for a new type of monarch, the
enlightened despot which means he was a tyrant... but
a smart one. He was cruel to the people yet he was a
good ruler. he was also the son of Frederick William
the I.
Jean Baptiste Colbert- He lived from 1619-1683 and he
was the chief financial advisor for Louis XIV. He
played a role in the managing of English mercantilism
and he made England one of the most powerful countries
in Europe.
George I- He ruled England from 1714-1727. He was the
son of Ernest, Elector of Hanover and Sophia,
granddaughter of James I. He ascended the throne upon
the death of Queen Anne under the terms of the 1701
act of settlement and he was appointed king because
the last of the Stuart kings died and his lineage was
traced back. He was followed by George II and George
III all of Hanover descent.
Peter the Great- He was czar of Russia from 1682-1721.
Peter established the powerful Russian navy and set
out to westernize Russia. He abolished the patriarchs
of the church and appointed himself to govern it; this
encouraged the break from the traditional Russian
Orthodox Church. He built the city of St. Petersburg
and brought many craftsman and nobles to live there,
it was a very western city. He was also an
"absolutist" ruler gaining control over the boyars and
the streltsy.


Francois Couperin~ (1668-1743) French baroque composer andorganist; greatly influenced Bach
Jean Martinet~ (?- 1672) drillmaster of Louis XIVs army;established and introduced battalions and companies
Poussin~ (1594-1665) Frenchpainter; lived on Rome for inspiration; used the baroque style, and greatlyinfluenced French art
Moliere~ (1622-1673) French playwright; wrote comedies;enjoyed greatly by Louis XIV, but some of his plays werent allowed to be madepublic because Louis feared that high church officials would take offense


Racine:1639-99,French dramatist. Shows French classicism in his plays such as, , La Thba~de(1664) and Alexandre le Grand (1665),
William of Orange:or William the silent (William I, prince of Orange), 1533-84,Dutch statesman, principal founder of Dutch independence.
Claude le Peletier: Colberts successor as minister of finance in France,resorted to devaluation of the currency and selling of offices, tax exemptions,and titles of nobility, to raise money for war.
Philip of Anjou: Received the Spanish crown in 1700 with the death of CharlesII. He was Louis XIVs grandson, though Charless will rejected unity ofFrance and Spain.


Charles II (1630-1685)-Crowned king by parliament after Oliver Cromwell
and the Protectorate failed. Tried to change England to Roman Catholicism
but sort of failed. His brother James II, who was his heir, was a catholic.
Charles II (1661-1700) was also a king in Spain. His reign saw the
recognition of Portuguese independence (1668) and the final eclipse of
Spanish power in Europe.

John Churchill- He was appointed commander of British andDutch troops
in the War of the Spanish Succession and won a series of victories over the
French armies of Louis XIV.

Philip III- Son of Charles I, reigned 1556-98. Philip married thesecond
of his four wives, Mary I of England, in 1554. He was the Spanish king who
attempted to conquer the English with the Spanish Armada.

Philip IV- I couldn't find much on him, but I would imagine thathe
followed Philip the III. What I found was that he was the French king who
put pressure on the Pope to stay in Avignon, but that would have been in
this chapter.


Cervantes, Miguel de-
~The Spanish write who wrote "Don Quixote."
~Don Quixote is a character that lives in a world of dreams,traveling about the countryside seeking militaryglory.
Elizabeth I-
~Queen during the Elizabethan and Jacobean era.
~During this time period many great poetry, music, drama and literature works came aboutsuch as ones from Shakespeare.
James I-
~believed in Divine right for kings
~had support of the wealthy lords
~he was catholic
~he was the first of the Stuart Kings.
Charles I-
~son of James I
~second of the Stuart Kings
~catholic
~parliament revolted against him and he was captured. Laterhe was tried for high treason and found guilty so hewas killed. This is when the Rump Parliamenttook over (after the cavaliers and roundheads.)


Henry VII - king of England(14851509) and founder of the Tudor
dynasty. When he came to power, it marked the end to the War of the
Roses. In his suppression of the recalcitrant nobles he was greatly
assisted by the use of the court of Star Chamber as a supremely powerful
judiciary body.

Charles II - king of the West Frankish kingdom. The Frankish kingdom was
divided by the Treaty of Verdun into Middle, Eastern and Western kdms.
Charles got the Western part. In 875 Charles went to Italy where he was
crowned emperor by the pope. The West Frankish kdm slowly dissolved
after Charles death.

James II - King of England, Scotland, and Ireland (168588) his
principal object was to fill positions of authority and influence with
Roman Catholics. William of Orange was invited to England by Whig and
Tory leaders. The unpopular, autocratic, and Catholic king had few loyal
followers and was unable to defend himself. He fled, was captured, and
was allowed to escape to France, and William and Mary took the throne.

William Penn - founded Pennsylvania. He was an English Quaker who was
born in London, England. His friendship with James II led to his being
accused of treason after that kings deposition.


WilliamLaud~archbishop of Canterbury, tried to impose elaborate ritual and
rich ceremonials on all churches; believed in complete uniformity of all
church services>tried to enforce a new prayer books and bishoprics

Thomas Hobbes~ Wrote Leviathan. In it he said that sovereignty is ultimately
derived from the people, who transfer it to their monarchy by implicit
contract. The power of the ruler is absolute, but kings do not hold their
power by divine right. His views did not please anybody.

Oliver Cromwell~the "Protectorate"; military dictator after the deathof
Charles I; "New model army"; military collapsed after his death

Henry II~of England, he conquered Ireland in 1171, since the time of which
English landlords ruthlessly exploited the Irish people


JohnLocke~ (1632-1704) Privided the theoretical
justification for the separations of state powers into
legislative and executive branches. He said that
beliefs depend for their justification upon experience
in his "Essay Concerning Human Understanding," which
was the foundation for British Empiricism.

Robert Walpole~ A royal minister, led the cabinet from
1721-1742. He is known as the first, or 'prime'
minister.

Johan Van Oldenbarnevelt~ (1547-1619) Second founder
of the Dutch Republic. He built the foundations of
political independenca ans commercial prosperity in
the seventeenth-century Europe.

William III~ (1650-1702) A.K.A. William of Orange. He
was Married to Mary, governor in the Netherlands and
summoned to England by the Whigs and Tories. After
the Glorious Revolution James II fled to France and
Billy became the King of England.


Edict ofNantes: Thisis a decree giving partial religious freedom to the Huguenots, proclaimed byHenry IV, king of France, in 1598 and revoked by Louis XIV in 1685. Thedecree ended the series of religious wars between Catholics andProtestants. The Edict granted the Huguenots liberty of consciencethroughout France, they could express themselves more freely. It allowedthem to have more religious freedoms.

Richelieu's Political Testament: He had many well-definedpolitical views. His testament was his clear view of how society shouldfunction. Everyone played a specific role in the system, making their owncontributions: the clergy through prayer, the nobility with arms under controlof the king, and the common people through obedience. He believed in thedivine right of the king, whose role was to promote peace and order insociety. He succeed in making the king an absolute ruler, and establishedFrance as the first military power. Upon the whole, the policy was topreserve a just mean between the parliamentary Gallicans and the Ultamontanes.

32 Generalities (districts): Richelieu divided France up into 32generalities or districts. He believed it would give the king more power,and it worked. Representatives from the 32 districts would meet with theking to discuss topic with him. These generalities gave the king morepower and control over France.


Revoking theEdict of Nantes- Louis XIV revoked the Edict in 1685. Henry IV, his grandfather, hadactually issued it to grant liberty (of conscience) to French Huguenots. TheEdict was revoked b/c there had already been so many mass conversions that"nearly all the Huguenots were converted." (said by Louis's secondwife, Madame de Maintenon.) Some Huguenots had emigrated and Richelieu hadtaken away their political rights. New laws after the revocation included thedestruction of churches, closing of schools, Catholic baptism of Huguenots, andexiling Huguenot pastors unwilling to renounce their faith. In terms ofeffects, the revocation persecuted some of Louis's most loyal and skilledsubjects, forced many to flee the country, and Protestant Europe was absolutelyoutraged. However, Louis did have a few reasons for his revocation:
1.) The French monarchy had neverintended religious toleration to be permanent. Louis had realized that to unify his country, he needed"one king, one law, one faith."
2.) Religious liberty was not a popularpolicy in France. Aristocrats pressured Louis to crack down on Protestants. His decision to do sobrought him a huge amount of praise. Scholars would later scorn his revocation b/c of the effect it had on French economy andforeign affairs. More modern scholars argue that theeconomic affects were not that bad and that the Huguenots who settled inNorthern Europe increased Protestant hatred for LouisXIV.

French Classicism- The art and literature of the ageof Louis XIV is known as French classicism. This means that artists and writersof the late 17th century deliberately imitated the subject matter and style ofclassical antiquity. Their work was is the same style as that of RenaissanceItaly. French classicism displayed discipline, balance, and restraint. F.Creached its peak prior to 1661, before Louis's personal gov't. After Louis cameto power, principles of absolutism changed the ideals of F.C. Individualism wasnot allowed, the goal was to glorify the state as personified by the king.
French Classicists:
-Nicholas Poussin (1594-1665). He isgenerally considered the finest example of French Classicist painting. He believed the highest aim ofpainting was to represent noble actions in a logical and orderly, but not realistic, way. Example of his work (can be found inour textbook): Rape of the Sabine Women.
-Jean-Baptiste Lully (1632-1687). Hecomposed orchestral work, court ballets, and operatic productions.
-Francois Couperin (1668-1733). Composedharpsichord and organ pieces.
-Marc-Antoine Charpentier (1634-1704). hecomposed solemn religious music. He composed Te Deums, hymns of thanksgiving tocelebrate French military victories.
-Moliere (1622-1673) and Racine (1639-1699).Moliere composed comedies that exposed hypocrisies and follies of society. Jean Racine (1639-1699) used hisplays to analyze the power of love. B/c of the simplicity oflanguage, symmetrical structure, and calm restraint, Racine's plays are thefinest examples of F.C.
Rape of the Sabine Women- A masterpiece by Poussin thatexhibits the qualities of French classicism. It is a painting of an incident inRoman history, with the figures of people and horses as ideal representationsthat are not exactly lifelike, and expressions of emotion are studied, notspontaneous. The buildings in the painting are exact architectural models ofancient Roman structures. The painting is in our textbooks, page 542.



Test act of 1763- The Test Act of 1763 stated that theEucharist of the Church of England could not vote, hold public office, preach,teach, attend universities, or even assemble for meetings.


Glorius Revolution- GloriousRevolution, or Bloodless Revolution, in English history, the events of 168889 that resulted inthe deposition of James II and the accession of his daughter Mary II and herhusband William III, prince of Orange and stadholder of the Netherlands.

Second treatise on Civil Govt- Written by John Locke. Locke stated thatthe people should set up civil governments to protect life, liberty, andproperty. A government that oversteps its proper function- protecting thenatural rights of life, liberty, and property-becomes a tyranny.


Cabinet system- (The termcabinet derives from the small private room in which English rulers consultedtheir cheif ministers) In a cabinet system, the leading ministers, who musthave seats in and the support of a majority of the House of Commons, formulatepolicy and conduct the business of the country.


DutchEast India Company: a joint stock company where investors each receive
a percentage of the profits proportional to the amount they put in. Seized
and traded with the Cape of Good Hope, Ceylon, and Malacca (Traded in Asia)

Dutch West India Company: traded extensively with Latin America and Africa.
(Americas)


La Rochelle - Louis XIII decided that the huguenotsand protestants in France needed to end, and so he attacked the port of LaRochelle, a port with strong ties to Protestant England and Holland. The cityfell in 1628, and the king reinstated Catholic liturgy. the fall of La Rochelleweakened the influence of aristocratic supporters of Calvinism and was a steptowards a unification of the French state
The Sun King - aka Louis XIV, he created abrilliant culture that spread throughout Europe. He was the sunin France, bringing power and lightto the culture, if not all the people. The half century of his rulehas been called the Grand Century, the Age of Magnificence, and the Age ofLouis XIV.


War of Spanish Succession- Provoked by the territorialdisputes of the previous century, also a result of Philip of Anjou being madeheir to the Spanish throne. Fought between France and the Grand Alliance(English, Dutch, Austrians, and Prussians) to prevent the French and Spanishcrowns from being united. Ended with the treaty of Utrecht, which prevented theFrench and Spanish crowns from ever being united. Also forced France tosurrender Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, and the Hudson Bay territory to England,who also gained Gibraltar, Minorca, and control of the African slave trade fromSpain.

Versailles- Built by Louis XIV as a symbol of his absolute power. Louis XIVmade nobles live here for a good deal of the year, as a way of keeping themunder control. He made Versailles the social and political center of allEurope.

Triennial Act- Passed by the House of Commons in 1641, this act compelled theKing to summon Parliament every three years at the very least. This act wasmeant to prevent the King from stopping the meeting of parliament, as Charles Ihad done with Short and Long Parliament.




Peace of Utrecht- Several Treaties that ended the War of the SpanishSuccession

When the Catholic forces seemed likely to win, first theDanes, then the Swedes, and finally the French intervened against the HabsburgImperial cause. In the course of the war all Germany was ruined and half itspeople were killed. The German emperor was reduced to a shadow and for morethan two hundred years, Germany remained divided among local rulers and Franceemerged as the dominant power in Europe.

Constitutionalism- The limitation of Government by law.
30 years war- TheThirty Years War began as a religious civil war between the Protestants andRoman Catholics in Germany that engaged the Austrian Hapsburgs and the Germanprinces. The war soon developed into a devastating struggle for the balance ofpower in Europe.